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women and islamic law 307And those who guard their private parts [li-furåjihim È§fiíån], * exceptfrom their wives and what their right hands possess [azw§jihim]. [Forthese] they are not blameworthy… ( Al-Mu"minån 23:5–6) [FM]Second, and no less important, that any nonrelated male can cast aglance at their private parts. This is expressed by the second line inboth verses. We notice the use of the noun abß§r, sing. baßr, whichmeans ‘look’ or ‘glance’ by the movement of the eyes. This is differentfrom ‘view’ or ‘sight’, which takes place inside the brain, wherethings can be ‘seen’ even if the eyes are closed. We infer that to keepthe lower limit of proper men’s dress requires men to protect theirprivate parts. This can be fulfilled by wearing underpants or a swimsuit as this sufficiently covers a man’s genitals and buttocks, or whatthe fuqah§" called his ‘thick’ #awra (#awra mughallaía).Verse 30 ends with the assertion that ‘God is well acquainted withall that they [men] do’. The term used to express ‘do’ is ßana#, usuallyemployed to refer to a process of manufacturing things (e.g.,‘…Forthwith he (starts) constructing [ yaßna# u ] the Ark…’, Håd 11:38),or to a process of education (‘…and (this) in order that you may bereared [wa-li-tußna# a ] under Mine eye’, •§-H§" 20:39). In 24:30 theterm ‘doing’ is used in this second sense, that is, indicating a processof education, because, by asking men and women to protect theirprivate parts, Allah sends down His instructions in order to teach usgood and civilised behaviour. This is done in a nonrepressive andnonobtrusive way since people should learn gradually, and withoutharsh public sanctions, how to avoid casting glances that mightembarrass other people. Members of every social community shouldlearn how to protect their private parts by interaction with theirsurrounding culture and by responding, flexibly and open-mindedly,to each individual social occasion.Third Line:…that they should not display their [hidden] beauty [zÊnatahunna]except what [visibly of her beauty] appears thereof [ill§ m§ íaharaminh§];This line, like the rest of the verse, is different from 24:30 (the instructionsto men) because lines 3–11 were revealed so that women couldreceive additional instructions about their dress code. It will be interestingto learn in detail what the implications of these additionalnorms for women’s lives are. We will analyse verse 31 in conjunction
308chapter fivewith Sårat al-Nis§", which provides additional information aboutwomen’s maÈ§rim (forbidden marriage partners), which is vital for acomplete analysis of the verse.A woman’s beauty/ornament, charms, or finery, can be dividedinto two parts: an outer (visible) part and an inner (invisible) part.Beauty is of three kinds: 1) beauty of things or material beauty; somethingthat is added to the basic substance of a thing, for exam -ple, special decoration to rooms, hairclips to hair, make-up to theface, and such; these external additions make something more attractiveand enhances its basic beauty. Material beauty is describedin:And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride anduse for show [wa-zÊna]… ( Al-NaÈl 16:8)O children of Adam! Wear your beautiful apparel [zÊnatakum] at everytime and place of prayer… ( Al-A#r§f 7:31)2) beauty of places, or spatial beauty; this beauty can be seen in thepublic parks, zoological gardens, or herbaceous borders that onefinds in big cities. These gardens and parks are that part of naturethat has been cultivated for the benefit and recreation of everyone.People cultivate gardens by planting shrubs, bushes, and trees, orthey establish a nature reserve, all for the purpose of a well-controlledinteraction with nature, avoiding the excess and devastation thatharm the environment. We propose to interpret zÊna 56 , as describedin verse 31, as spatial beauty (the space of the human body), not asmaterial beauty (jewellery, rings, bracelets, etc.), as it was oftenthought to be. 573) beauty that combines material and spatial beauty, as described in:Say: ‘Who has forbidden the beautiful (gifts) of God [zÊnat All§h], whichHe has produced for His servants, and the things, clean and pure(which He has provided) for sustenance?...’ ( Al-A#r§f 7:32)(It grows) till the earth is clad with its golden ornaments and is deckedout (in beauty) [wa-"zayyanat]: the people to whom it belongs think theyhave all powers of disposal over it… (Yånus 10:24)56ZÊna, not to be confused with zin§ (adultery) as discussed in chapter 4.57YA: ‘ornaments’; MF, AhA: ‘finery’; AA, MP, AB: ‘adornment(s)’; AH:‘charms’.
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The Qur"an, Morality and Critical R
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The Qur"an, Moralityand Critical Re
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table of contentsvTABLE OF CONTENTS
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanviiFOR
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanixdeve
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxilike
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxiiiAC
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abbreviationsxvUSED TRANSLATIONS AN
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muhammad shahrur’s life and workx
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 1I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 3I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 5d
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 7a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 9a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 11
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 21CHAPTER O
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 23Disprovin
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 256. To int
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 27(muslimå
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 29natural r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 31‘the re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 33indigent
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 35belief in
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 37From Mose
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 39and 46:15
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 41they shou
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4.al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 43Do not
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 45- This re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 47despicabl
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 49The tradi
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 51Those who
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 53what is r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 55between t
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 57let him w
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 59As for th
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 61fair and
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 63The same
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 65The two v
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 67Until now
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 693. An inc
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the sunna of the prophet 71CHAPTER
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the sunna of the prophet 73These tw
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the sunna of the prophet 75nessed t
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the sunna of the prophet 77the bene
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the sunna of the prophet 79not as a
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the sunna of the prophet 81The trut
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the sunna of the prophet 832. The s
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the sunna of the prophet 85Sunna ov
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the sunna of the prophet 87When we
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the sunna of the prophet 89“O my
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the sunna of the prophet 91This ver
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the sunna of the prophet 93vigilant
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the sunna of the prophet 95ancient
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the sunna of the prophet 97how our
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the sunna of the prophet 99greater
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the sunna of the prophet 101crimes?
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the sunna of the prophet 103prove t
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the sunna of the prophet 105Wisdom
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the sunna of the prophet 107or need
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the sunna of the prophet 109of mira
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the sunna of the prophet 111ijtih§
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the sunna of the prophet 113A final
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evelation 115CHAPTER THREEREVELATIO
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evelation 117Are we right in saying
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evelation 119not two separate terms
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evelation 121two completely differe
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evelation 123And all things have We
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evelation 125III) Explanation of th
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evelation 127The Ambiguous VersesAg
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evelation 129In the above verse, th
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evelation 131There is, in their sto
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evelation 133tissues, and organs of
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evelation 135And We sent none befor
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evelation 137just the meaning of th
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evelation 139of why the qur"§n is
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evelation 141prerecorded before its
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evelation 143the general qur"§n. I
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The Approving and Controlling Natur
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evelation 147with the sum of scient
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evelation 149Based on this insight
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evelation 151that we do not accept
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evelation 153had been to deliver th
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evelation 155China), or that occur
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evelation 157In describing the reve
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Al-inz§l and al-tanzÊl of the umm
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evelation 161(God) most gracious is
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evelation 163- The umm al-kit§b an
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evelation 165“[But] you, soul [ a
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1. Allah as Sovereign ( rabb):revel
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evelation 169people. There is no di
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evelation 171“All things are from
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evelation 173al-kit§b, and somethi
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evelation 175Content:Keys to the un
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the theory of limits 177CHAPTER FOU
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the theory of limits 179The answer
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the theory of limits 181also connot
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the theory of limits 183fashion, an
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the theory of limits 185for this. T
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the theory of limits 187that someti
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the theory of limits 189filled by h
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the theory of limits 191much tolera
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the theory of limits 193from a heig
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the theory of limits 195but if it b
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the theory of limits 197Common wisd
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the theory of limits 199Said (Phara
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the theory of limits 201sider our c
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the theory of limits 203We notice a
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the theory of limits 205the verse m
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the theory of limits 207compassion
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the theory of limits 2096.Curvature
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the theory of limits 211transfer wi
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the theory of limits 213God’s way
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the theory of limits 215legal verse
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8.the theory of limits 217of hatred
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women and islamic law 219CHAPTER FI
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women and islamic law 221MuÈammad
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women and islamic law 223flow of hi
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women and islamic law 225boundaries
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women and islamic law 227jurisdicti
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women and islamic law 229shares, ho
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women and islamic law 231unfortunat
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women and islamic law 233The phrase
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women and islamic law 235or a siste
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women and islamic law 237had turned
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women and islamic law 239The Limits
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women and islamic law 241Case (A):
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women and islamic law 243Rule: 50 p
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women and islamic law 245ithnatain)
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women and islamic law 247b. For the
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We attain: 2 x X-1and, as a result:
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women and islamic law 2513. The dec
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women and islamic law 253Is it the
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women and islamic law 255If the man
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Page 310 and 311: women and islamic law 261To orphans
Page 312 and 313: women and islamic law 263Hence, All
Page 314 and 315: women and islamic law 265Can men no
Page 316 and 317: women and islamic law 2672. Qualita
Page 318 and 319: women and islamic law 269MuÈammad
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Page 322 and 323: women and islamic law 273Permitted
Page 324 and 325: women and islamic law 275- ‘By [t
Page 326 and 327: women and islamic law 277always pro
Page 328 and 329: women and islamic law 279The Verse
Page 330 and 331: women and islamic law 281competence
Page 332 and 333: women and islamic law 283possess qa
Page 334 and 335: women and islamic law 285has lost h
Page 336 and 337: women and islamic law 287So far we
Page 338 and 339: women and islamic law 289[bu#ålatu
Page 340 and 341: women and islamic law 291and reques
Page 342 and 343: women and islamic law 293Arabic dic
Page 344 and 345: women and islamic law 295The Proble
Page 346 and 347: women and islamic law 297If we look
Page 348 and 349: women and islamic law 299body, as i
Page 350 and 351: women and islamic law 301of a consc
Page 352 and 353: women and islamic law 303According
Page 354 and 355: women and islamic law 305[upper] pr
Page 358 and 359: women and islamic law 309The last v
Page 360 and 361: women and islamic law 311We hear ab
Page 362 and 363: women and islamic law 313beauty (de
Page 364 and 365: women and islamic law 315List of ma
Page 366 and 367: women and islamic law 317who are me
Page 368 and 369: women and islamic law 319not given
Page 370 and 371: women and islamic law 321human. If
Page 372 and 373: women and islamic law 323because of
Page 374 and 375: women and islamic law 325(the dress
Page 376 and 377: women and islamic law 3273. Headsca
Page 378 and 379: political islam 329CHAPTER SIXPOLIT
Page 380 and 381: political islam 331al-qadar (object
Page 382 and 383: political islam 333An awareness of
Page 384 and 385: political islam 335messengers (ß):
Page 386 and 387: political islam 337and authority of
Page 388 and 389: political islam 339the very lenient
Page 390 and 391: political islam 341other god but Go
Page 392 and 393: political islam 343circulating a È
Page 394 and 395: political islam 345graded as (only)
Page 396 and 397: political islam 347‘By God, I wil
Page 398 and 399: political islam 349he will fight yo
Page 400 and 401: political islam 351As for al-Zaburq
Page 402 and 403: political islam 353Islamists have t
Page 404 and 405: political islam 355Let us return to
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political islam 357a society and be
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political islam 359hesitate to give
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political islam 361indeed occurred
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political islam 363stream views. Pe
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political islam 365government. We t
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political islam 367Hell, knowledge
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political islam 369Creator was an a
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political islam 371Book’s Èar§m
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political islam 373human beings wil
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political islam 375mission and his
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political islam 377means that the P
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political islam 379‘First/Old Tes
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political islam 381limits of Allah
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political islam 383- ma#rifa refers
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political islam 385such a person th
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political islam 387Let us now retur
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political islam 389“The Exalted s
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political islam 391As for the Èad
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political islam 393violence to impo
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political islam 395killing of the t
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political islam 397of their prime e
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political islam 399We did a foretim
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political islam 401reiterates the l
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political islam 403[shahÊd un ] to
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political islam 405If any of your w
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political islam 407He corrects them
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political islam 409if someone witne
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political islam 4112.3.within an ad
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political islam 413These verses ask
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political islam 415(#ara· al-Èay
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political islam 417the fight of the
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political islam 4195. Physical elim
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political islam 4212.3.all inhabita
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political islam 423Fight ( al-qit§
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political islam 425such as the duty
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political islam 427minority—and t
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political islam 429The Aims and Obj
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political islam 431In the context o
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political islam 433servitude, and t
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political islam 435ditional main an
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political islam 437once, but the ea
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political islam 439destruction of r
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Causes and Conditions of al-qit§lp
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political islam 443violate the prin
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political islam 4452:190-93 constit
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political islam 447stench of the au
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political islam 449assassination of
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political islam 451It follows from
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political islam 453Believers (‘O
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political islam 455the fighters’
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political islam 457c)that want (sel
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political islam 459Allah alone who
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political islam 461to edify, to adm
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political islam 463defies a (peacef
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political islam 465ars, the more po
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political islam 467people, or the G
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political islam 469does not totally
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political islam 471we (Muslim-Belie
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political islam 473relationship bet
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political islam 475tion of ‘kinsh
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political islam 477is experienced a
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political islam 479so strongly that
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political islam 481one with the oth
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conclusion 483CONCLUSIONIn the intr
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conclusion 485ground. And one does
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conclusion 4877. We have treated th
Page 538 and 539:
12.conclusion 489ning nor at the en
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conclusion 491actually took place i
Page 542 and 543:
conclusion 493society, the Messenge
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conclusion 495sunna the function of
Page 546 and 547:
conclusion 497different perspective
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conclusion 499the fetters of a reli
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interview with muhammad shahrur 501
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glossary of terms and concepts 537G
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glossary of terms and concepts 539T
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ibliography 559Monographs by Muhamm
Page 610 and 611:
ibliography 561———. Sab# qa·
Page 612 and 613:
ibliography 563- Ußål al-fiqh all
Page 614 and 615:
ibliography 565‘ayd§wÊ, Yåsuf
Page 616 and 617:
ibliography 567Syamsuddin, Sahiron.
Page 618 and 619:
ibliography 569———. Modernist
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index 571INDEXal-abaw§n (caregiver
Page 622 and 623:
index 573discrimination see equalit
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index 575Ibn JinnÊ, Ab å ’l-Fat
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index 577lic 204-206; human behavio
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index 579pilgrimage (al-Èajj) 22,
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index 581al-rij§l xliii-xliv, xlvi
Page 632 and 633:
index 583(195) 412; (196) 485; (208
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index 585Så rat MuÈammad [47] 357
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Social, Economic and PoliticalStudi
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