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women and islamic law 245ithnatain)…’, 18 if the term nis§" already indicates a number of morethan two? Is this a redundant expression? Should it not be ‘if thereare women’ or ‘if there are more than two (women)"? Since webelieve that there is no redundancy in the Book, we are convincedthat the expression ‘if there are women, more than two’ points tosomething extra that neither of the two units (‘women’ and ‘morethan two’) possess alone. But what is this extra information? Thefollowing two contrasting examples will explain it:Example 1: if we are faced with a constellation of two males and fourfemale inheritors, the number of women would be ‘more than two(nis§")’, but the ratio of 4:2, equalling two, is not ‘over two ( fawqithnatain)’. In other words, only the first part of the condition is fulfilled:‘if there are females (i.e., over two)’, but not its second part:‘more than two’ (i.e., over two more than male inheritors).Example 2: if, however, we have only one male and three femaleinheritors, the ratio of 3:1, equalling three, would be over two, whichwould qualify as ‘over two’ in actual numbers as well as ‘over two’in comparison with the number of male inheritors. The same applies,for example to three males and 5 females, with a ratio of 5:3, equalling2.5 which is > 2, and a number of women of more than two.Example 2 illustrates that we might attain whole numbers (1, 2, 3…)as well as fractions (2.5) in calculating the number of inheritors. Thetext certainly allows the existence of fractions when it uses the preposition‘over’ ( fawq) but usually implies whole numbers when it usesthe elative ‘more than’ (akthar). Verse 12 of Sårat al-Nis§" uses akthar:‘but if more than two (brothers and sisters), they share in a third’,implying that to count here with 1 ½ brothers or 1 ¼ sisters wouldbe impossible. But in using fawq: ‘women, more than two’, and notakthar, it is possible to calculate the ratio of male and female inheritorsso that we might receive whole numbers or fractions.We now return to the second limit of God in its entirety: ‘If therebe more than two females (nis§" an ), then they should receive two-18Some translators ignore the exact syntactic sequence of the Arabic verse ‘ifthere are women, more than two’ and condense it to: ‘if there are more than twowomen/daughters/females’, e.g., AB: ‘if there are more than two daughters’; MF: ‘ifthere be more than two females’, more precise are AA: ‘if they be women abovetwo’; MP: ‘women more than two’; AhA: ‘women only, and of them more thantwo’.
246chapter fivethirds of what he (the deceased) leaves…’, and explore the differentvariant options of male-female ratios.If ⇒womenmale3 1Rule:Result:and if ⇒__2366.66%________ = 22.223women__1333.33%________ = 33.331male5 2Rule:Result:2__30.666%________ = 0.133351__30.333%________ = 0.16662D2 0.1333 2×2then ⇒ Y = _____ → _______ = 0.8 = _____ =D1 0.1666 5number of males multiplied by two_____________________________number of femalesIf we apply nondigital quantities, we get the following equations:a. For the individual female share:2D2 = ___3F
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The Qur"an, Morality and Critical R
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The Qur"an, Moralityand Critical Re
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table of contentsvTABLE OF CONTENTS
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanviiFOR
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanixdeve
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxilike
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxiiiAC
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abbreviationsxvUSED TRANSLATIONS AN
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muhammad shahrur’s life and workx
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 1I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 3I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 5d
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 7a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 9a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 11
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 21CHAPTER O
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 23Disprovin
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 256. To int
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 27(muslimå
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 29natural r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 31‘the re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 33indigent
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 35belief in
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 37From Mose
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 39and 46:15
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 41they shou
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4.al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 43Do not
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 45- This re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 47despicabl
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 49The tradi
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 51Those who
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 53what is r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 55between t
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 57let him w
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 59As for th
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 61fair and
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 63The same
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 65The two v
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 67Until now
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 693. An inc
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the sunna of the prophet 71CHAPTER
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the sunna of the prophet 73These tw
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the sunna of the prophet 75nessed t
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the sunna of the prophet 77the bene
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the sunna of the prophet 79not as a
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the sunna of the prophet 81The trut
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the sunna of the prophet 832. The s
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the sunna of the prophet 85Sunna ov
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the sunna of the prophet 87When we
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the sunna of the prophet 89“O my
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the sunna of the prophet 91This ver
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the sunna of the prophet 93vigilant
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the sunna of the prophet 95ancient
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the sunna of the prophet 97how our
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the sunna of the prophet 99greater
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the sunna of the prophet 101crimes?
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the sunna of the prophet 103prove t
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the sunna of the prophet 105Wisdom
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the sunna of the prophet 107or need
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the sunna of the prophet 109of mira
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the sunna of the prophet 111ijtih§
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the sunna of the prophet 113A final
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evelation 115CHAPTER THREEREVELATIO
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evelation 117Are we right in saying
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evelation 119not two separate terms
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evelation 121two completely differe
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evelation 123And all things have We
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evelation 125III) Explanation of th
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evelation 127The Ambiguous VersesAg
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evelation 129In the above verse, th
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evelation 131There is, in their sto
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evelation 133tissues, and organs of
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evelation 135And We sent none befor
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evelation 137just the meaning of th
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evelation 139of why the qur"§n is
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evelation 141prerecorded before its
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evelation 143the general qur"§n. I
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The Approving and Controlling Natur
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evelation 147with the sum of scient
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evelation 149Based on this insight
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evelation 151that we do not accept
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evelation 153had been to deliver th
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evelation 155China), or that occur
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evelation 157In describing the reve
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Al-inz§l and al-tanzÊl of the umm
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evelation 161(God) most gracious is
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evelation 163- The umm al-kit§b an
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evelation 165“[But] you, soul [ a
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1. Allah as Sovereign ( rabb):revel
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evelation 169people. There is no di
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evelation 171“All things are from
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evelation 173al-kit§b, and somethi
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evelation 175Content:Keys to the un
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the theory of limits 177CHAPTER FOU
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the theory of limits 179The answer
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the theory of limits 181also connot
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the theory of limits 183fashion, an
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the theory of limits 185for this. T
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the theory of limits 187that someti
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the theory of limits 189filled by h
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the theory of limits 191much tolera
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the theory of limits 193from a heig
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Page 246 and 247: the theory of limits 197Common wisd
Page 248 and 249: the theory of limits 199Said (Phara
Page 250 and 251: the theory of limits 201sider our c
Page 252 and 253: the theory of limits 203We notice a
Page 254 and 255: the theory of limits 205the verse m
Page 256 and 257: the theory of limits 207compassion
Page 258 and 259: the theory of limits 2096.Curvature
Page 260 and 261: the theory of limits 211transfer wi
Page 262 and 263: the theory of limits 213God’s way
Page 264 and 265: the theory of limits 215legal verse
Page 266 and 267: 8.the theory of limits 217of hatred
Page 268 and 269: women and islamic law 219CHAPTER FI
Page 270 and 271: women and islamic law 221MuÈammad
Page 272 and 273: women and islamic law 223flow of hi
Page 274 and 275: women and islamic law 225boundaries
Page 276 and 277: women and islamic law 227jurisdicti
Page 278 and 279: women and islamic law 229shares, ho
Page 280 and 281: women and islamic law 231unfortunat
Page 282 and 283: women and islamic law 233The phrase
Page 284 and 285: women and islamic law 235or a siste
Page 286 and 287: women and islamic law 237had turned
Page 288 and 289: women and islamic law 239The Limits
Page 290 and 291: women and islamic law 241Case (A):
Page 292 and 293: women and islamic law 243Rule: 50 p
Page 296 and 297: women and islamic law 247b. For the
Page 298 and 299: We attain: 2 x X-1and, as a result:
Page 300 and 301: women and islamic law 2513. The dec
Page 302 and 303: women and islamic law 253Is it the
Page 304 and 305: women and islamic law 255If the man
Page 306 and 307: women and islamic law 257Bequest/Te
Page 308 and 309: lwomen and islamic law 259X= FMas p
Page 310 and 311: women and islamic law 261To orphans
Page 312 and 313: women and islamic law 263Hence, All
Page 314 and 315: women and islamic law 265Can men no
Page 316 and 317: women and islamic law 2672. Qualita
Page 318 and 319: women and islamic law 269MuÈammad
Page 320 and 321: women and islamic law 271in Syria n
Page 322 and 323: women and islamic law 273Permitted
Page 324 and 325: women and islamic law 275- ‘By [t
Page 326 and 327: women and islamic law 277always pro
Page 328 and 329: women and islamic law 279The Verse
Page 330 and 331: women and islamic law 281competence
Page 332 and 333: women and islamic law 283possess qa
Page 334 and 335: women and islamic law 285has lost h
Page 336 and 337: women and islamic law 287So far we
Page 338 and 339: women and islamic law 289[bu#ålatu
Page 340 and 341: women and islamic law 291and reques
Page 342 and 343: women and islamic law 293Arabic dic
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women and islamic law 295The Proble
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women and islamic law 297If we look
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women and islamic law 299body, as i
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women and islamic law 301of a consc
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women and islamic law 303According
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women and islamic law 305[upper] pr
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women and islamic law 307And those
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women and islamic law 309The last v
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women and islamic law 311We hear ab
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women and islamic law 313beauty (de
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women and islamic law 315List of ma
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women and islamic law 317who are me
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women and islamic law 319not given
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women and islamic law 321human. If
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women and islamic law 323because of
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women and islamic law 325(the dress
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women and islamic law 3273. Headsca
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political islam 329CHAPTER SIXPOLIT
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political islam 331al-qadar (object
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political islam 333An awareness of
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political islam 335messengers (ß):
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political islam 337and authority of
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political islam 339the very lenient
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political islam 341other god but Go
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political islam 343circulating a È
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political islam 345graded as (only)
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political islam 347‘By God, I wil
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political islam 349he will fight yo
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political islam 351As for al-Zaburq
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political islam 353Islamists have t
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political islam 355Let us return to
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political islam 357a society and be
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political islam 359hesitate to give
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political islam 361indeed occurred
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political islam 363stream views. Pe
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political islam 365government. We t
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political islam 367Hell, knowledge
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political islam 369Creator was an a
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political islam 371Book’s Èar§m
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political islam 373human beings wil
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political islam 375mission and his
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political islam 377means that the P
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political islam 379‘First/Old Tes
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political islam 381limits of Allah
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political islam 383- ma#rifa refers
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political islam 385such a person th
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political islam 387Let us now retur
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political islam 389“The Exalted s
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political islam 391As for the Èad
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political islam 393violence to impo
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political islam 395killing of the t
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political islam 397of their prime e
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political islam 399We did a foretim
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political islam 401reiterates the l
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political islam 403[shahÊd un ] to
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political islam 405If any of your w
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political islam 407He corrects them
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political islam 409if someone witne
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political islam 4112.3.within an ad
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political islam 413These verses ask
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political islam 415(#ara· al-Èay
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political islam 417the fight of the
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political islam 4195. Physical elim
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political islam 4212.3.all inhabita
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political islam 423Fight ( al-qit§
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political islam 425such as the duty
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political islam 427minority—and t
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political islam 429The Aims and Obj
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political islam 431In the context o
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political islam 433servitude, and t
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political islam 435ditional main an
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political islam 437once, but the ea
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political islam 439destruction of r
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Causes and Conditions of al-qit§lp
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political islam 443violate the prin
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political islam 4452:190-93 constit
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political islam 447stench of the au
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political islam 449assassination of
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political islam 451It follows from
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political islam 453Believers (‘O
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political islam 455the fighters’
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political islam 457c)that want (sel
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political islam 459Allah alone who
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political islam 461to edify, to adm
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political islam 463defies a (peacef
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political islam 465ars, the more po
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political islam 467people, or the G
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political islam 469does not totally
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political islam 471we (Muslim-Belie
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political islam 473relationship bet
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political islam 475tion of ‘kinsh
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political islam 477is experienced a
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political islam 479so strongly that
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political islam 481one with the oth
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conclusion 483CONCLUSIONIn the intr
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conclusion 485ground. And one does
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conclusion 4877. We have treated th
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12.conclusion 489ning nor at the en
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conclusion 491actually took place i
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conclusion 493society, the Messenge
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conclusion 495sunna the function of
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conclusion 497different perspective
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conclusion 499the fetters of a reli
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interview with muhammad shahrur 501
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glossary of terms and concepts 537G
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glossary of terms and concepts 539T
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ibliography 559Monographs by Muhamm
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ibliography 561———. Sab# qa·
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ibliography 563- Ußål al-fiqh all
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ibliography 565‘ayd§wÊ, Yåsuf
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ibliography 567Syamsuddin, Sahiron.
Page 618 and 619:
ibliography 569———. Modernist
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index 571INDEXal-abaw§n (caregiver
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index 573discrimination see equalit
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index 575Ibn JinnÊ, Ab å ’l-Fat
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index 577lic 204-206; human behavio
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index 579pilgrimage (al-Èajj) 22,
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index 581al-rij§l xliii-xliv, xlvi
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index 583(195) 412; (196) 485; (208
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index 585Så rat MuÈammad [47] 357
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Social, Economic and PoliticalStudi
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