Heath M 1989. The training of cynomolgus monkeys a<strong>nd</strong> how the human/animal relationshipimproves with environ<strong>ment</strong>al a<strong>nd</strong> <strong>ment</strong>al enrich<strong>ment</strong>. Animal Technology 40(1), 11-22http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/at40heath.html“A relatively short, but predictable, course of routine ha<strong>nd</strong>ling a<strong>nd</strong> feeding enabled the monkeysto co-operate with their ha<strong>nd</strong>lers a<strong>nd</strong> made working practices a lot easier, quicker a<strong>nd</strong> safer <strong>for</strong>both the animals a<strong>nd</strong> technicians."Luttrell L, Acker L, Urben M, <strong>Re</strong>inhardt V 1994. Training a large troop of rhesus macaques tocooperate during catching: Analysis of the time invest<strong>ment</strong>. Animal Welfare 3, 135-140http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/aw5train.htm“Using a simple chute system a<strong>nd</strong> applying a training technique based on patience, all 45 troopmembers were successfully co<strong>nd</strong>itioned in less then 15 work-hours to voluntarily enter atransport cage one by one.”Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Clarke MR 1992. Procedure <strong>for</strong> training corral-living rhesus monkeys<strong>for</strong> fecal a<strong>nd</strong> blood-sample collection. Laboratory Animal Science 42, 83-85Clear description of training technique. "By day 9, the male stopped resisting, a<strong>nd</strong> three of the[five] females exte<strong>nd</strong>ed their legs voluntarily."<strong>Re</strong>inhardt V 1990. Avoiding u<strong>nd</strong>ue stress: Catching i<strong>nd</strong>ividual animals in groups of rhesusmonkeys. Lab Animal 19(6), 52-53http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/la-avoid.htmTraining technique is described. "We have successfully trained two heterogeneous rhesus troopsof 28 a<strong>nd</strong> 33 members. The catching procedure has become a routine that is no longerassociated with excitation a<strong>nd</strong> distress. It is now possible <strong>for</strong> one experienced person to catchanimals at any given time without extra help."<strong>Re</strong>inhardt V 1990. Catching I<strong>nd</strong>ividual Rhesus Monkeys Living in Captive Groups (videotape).Wisconsin <strong>Re</strong>gional <strong>Prima</strong>te <strong>Re</strong>search Center, Madison, WIUsing vocal comma<strong>nd</strong>s, a single person swiftly catches all members of a trained rhesus breedinggroup one-by-one in a transport cage without causing any disturbance or stress.<strong>Re</strong>inhardt V 1996. <strong>Re</strong>fining the blood collection procedure <strong>for</strong> macaques. Lab Animal 32(1), 32-35http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/la-refin.htmA training technique is described <strong>for</strong> ensuring the active cooperation of pair-housed/singlehousedadult male a<strong>nd</strong> female rhesus a<strong>nd</strong> stump-tailed macaques during in-homecagevenipuncture. Mean cumulative training time invest<strong>ment</strong> per i<strong>nd</strong>ividual was less than one hour.The training eliminated significant cortisol responses which typically occur during conventional,i.e., en<strong>for</strong>ced blood collection.<strong>Re</strong>inhardt V, Cowley D 1990. Training stumptailed monkeys to cooperate during in-homecagetreat<strong>ment</strong>. Laboratory <strong>Prima</strong>te Newsletter 29(4), 9-10http://www.brown.edu/<strong>Re</strong>search/<strong>Prima</strong>te/lpn29-4.html#vikOne to 14 training sessions, each lasting <strong>for</strong> 1-5 minutes, were required to train adult, pair- a<strong>nd</strong>single-housed stump-tailed macaques of both sexes to cooperate during topical treat<strong>ment</strong> in thehomecage.95
96Skoumbourdis EK 2008. Pole-a<strong>nd</strong>-collar-a<strong>nd</strong>-chair training. Laboratory Animal <strong>Re</strong><strong>finem</strong>ent &<strong>En</strong>rich<strong>ment</strong> Forum (electronic discussion group) , January 24, 2008http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LAREF/members”All the monkeys I have pole/collar/chair trained have gone through an initial phase ofresistance both when the pole was being attached to the collar, a<strong>nd</strong> when they were first put intothe chair, but <strong>for</strong> the most part they finally did settle down a<strong>nd</strong> cooperate. All it takes ispatience a<strong>nd</strong> gentle determination on the part of the trainer.Trust in the trainer is the ultimate key <strong>for</strong> success. Nonhuman prim<strong>ates</strong> are intelligent;when they are free of apprehension or fear, they quickly figure out that it is much easier a<strong>nd</strong>even rewarding <strong>for</strong> them to cooperate with you rather than resist. A successfully trained monkeywill have developed so much trust in you that he/she will never fight against you when you polea<strong>nd</strong> chair him/her.To pole-collar-chair train a monkey can be a very rewarding process that is notnecessarily time-consuming. I have successfully trained 19 animals: two adult female rhesus,four adult male rhesus, five juvenile male rhesus, four adult female cynomolgus, a<strong>nd</strong> four adultmale cynomolgus.My quickest subject took just five days of training to reliably cooperate (I should <strong>ment</strong>ionthat he was two years old a<strong>nd</strong> an angel!), while other animals have taken me well over a monthto get going — especially older rhesus who can be very stubborn a<strong>nd</strong> hard to food-motivate.Also, I have had some animals who were just never meant to be put in a chair. This is a realitythat both you a<strong>nd</strong> the investigators must acknowledge. You cannot <strong>for</strong>ce a monkey to cooperatea<strong>nd</strong> be relaxed in the chair. It's impossible. Sure, you can try, but you're not going to win.“Marmosets (Callithrix spp.)Anzenberger G, Gossweiler H 1993. How to obtain i<strong>nd</strong>ividual urine samples from u<strong>nd</strong>isturbedmarmoset families. American Journal of <strong>Prima</strong>tology 31, 223-230"An apparatus a<strong>nd</strong> a method are described, which allow simultaneous urine collection from alli<strong>nd</strong>ividual members of u<strong>nd</strong>isturbed marmoset families. By the e<strong>nd</strong> of the third week of training, itwas not unusual to collect urine samples from an entire family."McKinley J, Buchanan-Smith HM, Bassett L, Morris K 2003. Training common marmosets(Callithrix jacchus) to cooperate during routine laboratory procedures: Ease of training a<strong>nd</strong> timeinvest<strong>ment</strong>. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6, 209-220Behaviours taught were target training to allow in homecage weighing a<strong>nd</strong> providing urinesamples from 12 pairs of marmosets. "Between 2 to 13, 10-minute training sessions establisheddesired behaviors. .. Trained animals proved extremely reliable, a<strong>nd</strong> data collection usingtrained animals was considerably faster than collection using current laboratory techniques."Smith TE, McCallister JM, Gordon SJ, Whittikar M. 2004. Quantitative data on training newworld prim<strong>ates</strong> to urinate. American Journal of <strong>Prima</strong>tology 64(1), 83-930"This study assessed the effectiveness of operant co<strong>nd</strong>itioning in training three species ofcaptive callitrichid prim<strong>ates</strong> (Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, a<strong>nd</strong> Saguinusimperator) to urinate on dema<strong>nd</strong>...Training sessions (30 min each) were co<strong>nd</strong>ucted at dawnthrice weekly during five consecutive phases: habituation, control, training (animals wererewarded <strong>for</strong> urinating), maintenance (animals had reached a defined training criteria a<strong>nd</strong>continued to be rewarded <strong>for</strong> urinating), a<strong>nd</strong> collection (animals were rewarded <strong>for</strong> urinating,a<strong>nd</strong> the trainer entered the cage to collect the sample). The numbers of 30-min training sessionsrequired to train the three monkey species (L. rosalia, C. geoffroyi, a<strong>nd</strong> S. imperator) were five,six, a<strong>nd</strong> eight, respectively. For the three species, the mean number of urinations per animal was
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Table of ContentsSpecies-typical Be
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2Behavioral Pathologies (Abnormal B
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Meyerson BJ 1986. Ethology in anima
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6"An animal treated unsympathetical
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8"If sufficient room is not provide
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Canadian Council on Animal Care 198
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12Platt DM, Kinsey JH, Jorgenson MJ
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14(7) Enforced RestraintAdams MR, K
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16Goosen DJ, Davies JH, Maree M, Do
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Norman RL, McGlone J, Smith CJ 1994
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20Crockett CM, Bowers CL, Shimoji M
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22(10) Double-tier Cage Arrangement
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National Research Council 1998. The
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26Coe CL 1991. Is social housing of
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28Tatoyan SK, Cherkovich GM 1972. T
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30Line SW, Morgan KN, Markowitz H,
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32Reinhardt V 1989. Evaluation of t
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34Clarke AS, Juno CJ, Maple TL 1982
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36The animals “spent most time in
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38Brent L, Belik M 1997. The respon
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40"Access to the puzzles was accomp
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42"The purpose of this study was to
- Page 49 and 50: 44Choi GC 1993. Humans enrich the l
- Page 51 and 52: 46“Eleven baboons who had been si
- Page 53 and 54: 48Reinhardt V, Houser WD, Eisele S,
- Page 55 and 56: 50Thompson MA, Bloomsmith MA, Taylo
- Page 57 and 58: (7) Working with Cooperative Animal
- Page 59 and 60: 54Lambeth SP, Hau J, Perlman JE, Ma
- Page 61 and 62: 56Smith M, Barley J, Down N, Franci
- Page 63 and 64: Environmental Enrichment58(1) Defin
- Page 65 and 66: 60Baker KC, Seres M, Aureli F, de W
- Page 67 and 68: 62Judge PG, de Waal BM, Paul KS, Go
- Page 69 and 70: (2,1,b) Group-housing: Group Format
- Page 71 and 72: 66McNary JK 1992. Integration of ch
- Page 73 and 74: 68Clarke MR, Blanchard JL 1994. All
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- Page 79 and 80: 74Hotchkiss CE, Paule MG 2003. Effe
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- Page 83 and 84: 78Shively CA 2001. Psychological we
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- Page 87 and 88: 82Reinhardt V 1991. Agonistic behav
- Page 89 and 90: Abney D, Conlee K, Cunneen M, Down
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- Page 97 and 98: 927 to 44 training sessions. .. The
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- Page 103 and 104: 98Tamarins (Saguinus spp.)Smith TE,
- Page 105 and 106: 100Bertrand F, Seguin Y, Chauvier F
- Page 107 and 108: 102Gilloux I, Gurnell J, Shepherdso
- Page 109 and 110: 104Molzen EM, French JA 1989. The p
- Page 111 and 112: 106Reinhardt V 1992. Foraging for c
- Page 113 and 114: 108Boccia ML 1989. Long-term effect
- Page 115 and 116: 110Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, More
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- Page 119 and 120: 114use their hands to obtain and pr
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- Page 123 and 124: Bayne K, Hurst JK, Dexter SL 1992.
- Page 125 and 126: 120Phillippi-Falkenstein K 1998. Us
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- Page 135 and 136: 130O'Neill PL, Wright AC, Weed JL 1
- Page 137 and 138: 132above ground level. I very often
- Page 139 and 140: 134Canadian Council on Animal Care
- Page 141 and 142: 136International Primatological Soc
- Page 143 and 144: 138forage daily, by scattering food
- Page 145 and 146: 140sensory and emotional experience
- Page 147 and 148: 142Bayne K 1989 Resolving issues of
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146Spaeth GL 1994. Editorial: Carin