Re finem for Annot ment a Prima tated nd En ates K Biblio vironm ...

21Adult, single-housed female rhesus macaques responded with a significant rise in heart rate tobeing removed from their home cage and replaced after the cage had been cleaned. "Once thecage change was completed and the technicians left the room, it was several hours before heartrates returned to the expected level."Mason JW 1972. Corticosteroid response to chair restraint in the monkey. American Journal ofPhysiology 222, 1291-1294Animals who were restrained in an unfamiliar environment showed significantly higher urinarycortisol levels than animals who were familiar with the environment in which they wererestrained.Mason JW, Mougey EH, Kenion CC 1973. Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine responses tochair restraint in the monkey. Physiology and Behaviour 10, 801-803Animals who were restrained in an unfamiliar environment showed significantly higher urinarycatecholamine levels than animals who were familiar with the environment in which they wererestrained.Mitchell G, Gomber J 1976. Moving laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to unfamiliarhome cages. Primates 17, 543-547"The results of this study should serve as a warning to those who wish to observe behavior ortake physiological measurements on monkeys. Removing an animal from its home cage prior tomonitoring anything biological will probably affect the event being monitored. Behavioral andalmost certainly physiological distress occur following removal from the home cage."Phoenix CH, Chambers KC 1984. Sexual behavior and serum hormone levels in aging rhesusmales: Effects of environmental change. Hormones and Behavior 18, 206-215"Cortisol levels [of single-housed subjects] were significantly higher immediately [one hour]after the move [to another cage in a nearby building] than they were on the first day of bleedingbefore the move."Reinhardt V, Cowley D, Eisele S, Scheffler J 1991. Avoiding undue cortisol responses tovenipuncture in adult male rhesus macaques. Animal Technology 42, 83-86http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/at83.htmSix adult rhesus males were: a) habituated to actively cooperate during venipuncture away fromthe homecage in a treatment squeeze cage, and b) trained to actively cooperate duringvenipuncture in the homecage. The magnitude of cortisol increase was significant when themales were venipunctured in the hallways but not when they were venipunctured in thehomecage. "It was concluded that venipuncture per se was not a physiologically distressingevent. It became distressing only when it was associated with a temporary removal from thehomecage."Schapiro SJ, Nehete PN, Perlman JE, Sastry KJ 1997. A change in housing condition leads torelatively long-term changes in cell-mediated immune responses in adult rhesus macaques.American Journal of Primatology 42, 146"A change in housing condition results in changes in immune responses, even after subjects hadspent up to eight months in the new housing and regardless of whether the change was tosolitary or pair housing."