Re finem for Annot ment a Prima tated nd En ates K Biblio vironm ...

143Arluke A 1994. The ethical socialization of animal researchers. Lab Animal 23(6), 30-35"In all but two of the 35 laboratories, newcomers faced a closed moral universe where issues ofmorality were defined institutionally, and hence rarely confronted by individuals. ... It wascontroversial or risky to admit to having ethical concerns, because to do so was tantamount toadmitting that there really was something morally wrong with animal experimentation, therebygiving 'ammunition to the enemy’.”Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights 2005. Contemporary Veterinarian's Oath.Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights, Davis, CAhttp://www.avar.org/"Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientificknowledge and skills to protect the health and well-being of all nonhuman animals, to relievepain and suffering in nonhuman animals, to strengthen the understanding of the inherent needsand interests of all nonhuman animals, and to promote the preservation of wildlife and theirnatural environment. I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, compassion,and integrity. I accept as a lifelong obligation the continual improvement of my professionalknowledge and competence. "Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, Moreau E, Morton D, Patterson-Kane E, Reinhardt A, ReinhardtV, Van Loo P 2007. Making Lives Easier for Animals in Research Labs - Chapter 2.1. How toRefer to an Animal—Using the Proper Pronoun. Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institutehttp://www.awionline.org/pubs/LAREF/basic.html#pron”As caregivers, we do not use the pronoun it when referring to an animal. An animal is not anobject! We do not think that calling an animal he or she encourages anthropomorphism, but thatit does acknowledge the fact that we are dealing with an individual sentient being who can feeldiscomfort, pain and distress in very similar ways as we do. Calling individual animals he or shehelps us deal with something that deep down, we are not really comfortable with — namely thefact that these animals have no choice about deciding whether they want to be used in researchand then killed.Referring to an animal as it is neither correct nor scientific, because it overlooks the factthat animals, just like humans, have a biological gender. Therefore, they should be referred toaccordingly with the correct pronouns he or she. When we label an animal with the incorrectpronoun it, we risk treating the animal like an inanimate object incapable of feeling discomfort,pain and distress.“Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, Moreau E, Morton D, Patterson-Kane E, Reinhardt A, ReinhardtV, Van Loo P 2007. Making Lives Easier for Animals in Research Labs - Chapter 2.2. Higher-Versus Lower-Order Species. Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institutehttp://www.awionline.org/pubs/LAREF/basic.html#spec”It seems that Refinement in the use of animals for research includes choosing lower-orderspecies rather than higher-order species, presumably due to the assumption that the lower-orderanimals suffer less and that their use in experiments poses fewer ethical problems. Where do wedraw the line?For people who are using these terms, lower simply means less like humans, and highermeans more like humans. This terminology is tied in with the incorrect view of evolution as aladder of progress toward especially evolved beings, such as humans. How would animals, usedby humans for biomedical research, classify the human species? Of a high order? Crown of