Re finem for Annot ment a Prima tated nd En ates K Biblio vironm ...

Watts E 1997. Introductions. In Orangutan Species Survival Plan Husbandry Manual Sodaro C(ed), 69-84. Atlanta Orangutan SSP (Species Survival Plan), Atlanta, GAGroup integration and re-introduction techniques are described and valuable recommendationsmade.Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.)King JE, Norwood VR 1989. Free-environment rooms as alternative housing for squirrelmonkeys. In Housing, Care and Psychological Well-being of Captive and Laboratory PrimatesSegal EF (ed), 102-114. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge"Individual and gang cages were removed from two conventional colony rooms and the monkeys[11 females and 5 males] were simply released into the rooms. Immediately following theestablishment of these two free-environment rooms, a few monkeys incurred sprains and brokenteeth, probably resulting from falls. ... Two deaths resulted from attacks by other monkeys.”Mendoza SP 1991. Sociophysiology of well-being in nonhuman primates. Laboratory AnimalScience 41, 344-349The formation of same-sex groups “is rarely accompanied by injurious aggression. Onceunisexual groups have stabilized, formation of larger heterosexual groups generally proceedssmoothly.”Vermeer J 1997. The formation of a captive squirrel monkey group. International Zoo News 44,146-149http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/izn-ver.htm"It is important that all females of a new [heterosexual] group are related to each other, that is,that they come from the same natal group. The introduction of unfamiliar females to a smallgroup with several females can result in much aggression with severe injury.” The minimumnumber of breeding females in a group should be five to seven. A maximum of two adult malesshould be added to these females. Groups of up to ten males can be formed without manyproblems.Williams LE, Abee CR 1988. Aggression with mixed age-sex groups of Bolivian squirrelmonkeys following single animal introductions and new group formations. Zoo Biology 7, 139-145"When introducing new animals to an established group, the new animals should be unfamiliarwith one another so as not to form competing 'teams'. Additions to groups should include enoughanimals so that aggression from the resident group will be diffused, not concentrated on one ortwo animals." New groups should be followed for a number of hours, even after an initial declinein agonistic interactions.Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)Else JG 1985. Captive propagation of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in harems.Laboratory Animal Science 35, 373-375Animals were placed in ten single-male harem groups. This "resulted in considerable fightingamong the females. Each group was gradually reduced over a one year period to 2-4 femaleswith their young. Three adult females died during the [three year] study. All had been underfairly continual harassment."70