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96Skoumbourdis EK 2008. Pole-and-collar-and-chair training. Laboratory Animal Refinement &Enrichment Forum (electronic discussion group) , January 24, 2008http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LAREF/members”All the monkeys I have pole/collar/chair trained have gone through an initial phase ofresistance both when the pole was being attached to the collar, and when they were first put intothe chair, but for the most part they finally did settle down and cooperate. All it takes ispatience and gentle determination on the part of the trainer.Trust in the trainer is the ultimate key for success. Nonhuman primates are intelligent;when they are free of apprehension or fear, they quickly figure out that it is much easier andeven rewarding for them to cooperate with you rather than resist. A successfully trained monkeywill have developed so much trust in you that he/she will never fight against you when you poleand chair him/her.To pole-collar-chair train a monkey can be a very rewarding process that is notnecessarily time-consuming. I have successfully trained 19 animals: two adult female rhesus,four adult male rhesus, five juvenile male rhesus, four adult female cynomolgus, and four adultmale cynomolgus.My quickest subject took just five days of training to reliably cooperate (I should mentionthat he was two years old and an angel!), while other animals have taken me well over a monthto get going — especially older rhesus who can be very stubborn and hard to food-motivate.Also, I have had some animals who were just never meant to be put in a chair. This is a realitythat both you and the investigators must acknowledge. You cannot force a monkey to cooperateand be relaxed in the chair. It's impossible. Sure, you can try, but you're not going to win.“Marmosets (Callithrix spp.)Anzenberger G, Gossweiler H 1993. How to obtain individual urine samples from undisturbedmarmoset families. American Journal of Primatology 31, 223-230"An apparatus and a method are described, which allow simultaneous urine collection from allindividual members of undisturbed marmoset families. By the end of the third week of training, itwas not unusual to collect urine samples from an entire family."McKinley J, Buchanan-Smith HM, Bassett L, Morris K 2003. Training common marmosets(Callithrix jacchus) to cooperate during routine laboratory procedures: Ease of training and timeinvestment. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6, 209-220Behaviours taught were target training to allow in homecage weighing and providing urinesamples from 12 pairs of marmosets. "Between 2 to 13, 10-minute training sessions establisheddesired behaviors. .. Trained animals proved extremely reliable, and data collection usingtrained animals was considerably faster than collection using current laboratory techniques."Smith TE, McCallister JM, Gordon SJ, Whittikar M. 2004. Quantitative data on training newworld primates to urinate. American Journal of Primatology 64(1), 83-930"This study assessed the effectiveness of operant conditioning in training three species ofcaptive callitrichid primates (Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, and Saguinusimperator) to urinate on demand...Training sessions (30 min each) were conducted at dawnthrice weekly during five consecutive phases: habituation, control, training (animals wererewarded for urinating), maintenance (animals had reached a defined training criteria andcontinued to be rewarded for urinating), and collection (animals were rewarded for urinating,and the trainer entered the cage to collect the sample). The numbers of 30-min training sessionsrequired to train the three monkey species (L. rosalia, C. geoffroyi, and S. imperator) were five,six, and eight, respectively. For the three species, the mean number of urinations per animal was