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13diazepam did not significantly alter wounding frequency or rates of self-directed biting withoutwounding. However, closer examination of the data revealed that four of the animals showedsignificant decreases in self-biting and wounding frequency (positive responders, PR group),whereas the remaining monkeys showed a trend towards increased wounding frequency(negative responders, NR group). Subsequent examination of colony and veterinary recordsdemonstrated that compared with NR monkeys, PR monkeys had spent significantly more yearsin individual cage housing and had experienced a greater number of minor veterinaryprocedures."Yaroshevsky F 1975. Self-mutilation in Soviet prisons. Canadian Psychiatric Association J 20,443-446“Isolation “'cages' are so terrible that many prisoners prefer to maim themselves rather thanstay there."(6) Premature WeaningGoosen C 1988. Influence of age of weaning on the behaviour of rhesus monkeys. Primate Eye34, 16-17"The rather early age of weaning of infants as practised in the course of the breeding procedurewas an important factor in the induction of stereotyped locomotion and of self-directed infantilebehaviour. Both these classes of abnormal behaviour persist into adulthood."Reinhardt V 2002. Artificial weaning of Old World monkeys: Benefits and costs. Journal ofApplied Animal Welfare Science 5, 149-154http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/jaaws6.html”The perceived benefits of permanent, pre-weaning mother-infant separation are not supportedby scientific findings. ... As long as there is an excessive number of monkeys and insufficient cagespace, there is no ethically legitimate reason for attempting to enhance the animals’reproductive output, especially when such measures are not proven to be effective but causeunequivocal psychological distress. ... It is conceivable that maternal-infant separation for thepurpose of artificial weaning flaws primate husbandry to the extent of increasing - rather thandecreasing - the total number of monkeys needed for research. Thus, artificial weaning is notonly an avoidable source of distress but it may also be an economically unsound managementpractice.“Warniment A, Brent L 1997. Abnormal behavior in a captive chimpanzee colony. The Newsletter8(3), 1-3http://www.animalwelfare.com/Lab_animals/biblio/jo-9.htm"The purpose of this study was to link abnormal behaviors often expressed by chimpanzees livingin captive environments to factors related to their care and housing." Individuals who had spentmore time with their mothers had less abnormal behavior.
14(7) Enforced RestraintAdams MR, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Uberseder B, Larkin KT 1988. Persistent sympatheticnervous system arousal associated with tethering in cynomolgus macaques. Laboratory AnimalScience 38, 279-282"Persistent elevation in heart rate associated with tethering appears to be the result of apersistent influence of the sympathetic nervous system on cardiac function. ... Other organs andsystems, e.g., pituitary-gonadal system, also may be affected."Albrecht ED, Nightingale MS, Townsley JD 1978. Stress-induced decrease in the serumconcentration of progesterone in the pregnant baboon. Journal of Endocrinology 77, 425-426Ketamine infusion did not prevent the reduction in the concentration of progesterone resultingfrom enforced restraint for blood collection.Berendt R, Williams TD 1971. The effect of restraint and position upon selected respiratoryparameters of two species of Macaca. Laboratory Animal Science 21, 502-509"Restraint significantly affected the tidal volume and respiration rate."Bouyer JJ, Dedet L, Debray O, Rougenl A 1978. Restraint in primate chair may cause unusualbehavior in baboons: Electrocorticographic correlates and corrective effects of diazepam.Electroencephalic Clinical Neurophysiology 44, 562-567"The prolonged drowsy-like ECoG [electrocorticogram] and behaviour may therefore underlinea reaction to the 'stress' conditions brought on by restraint" in primate chair.Brockway BP, Hassler CR, Hicks N 1993. Minimizing stress during physiological monitoring.In Refinement and Reduction in Animal Testing Niemi SM, Willson JE (eds), 56-69. ScientistsCenter for Animal Welfare, Greenbelt, MD"Restraint itself affects the physiological functioning of the animal, measurement error andvariability are introduced into the data."Bush M, Custer R, Smeller J, Bush LM 1977. Physiologic measures of nonhuman primatesduring physical restraint and chemical immobilization. Journal of the American VeterinaryMedical Association 171, 866-869"Of 56 physically restrained primates, 30 (54%) experienced severe metabolic acidosis. .. Theanimals had more rapid respiration and pulse rates, higher rectal temperatures, and larger basedeficit."
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Page 47 and 48: 42"The purpose of this study was to
Page 49 and 50: 44Choi GC 1993. Humans enrich the l
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96Skoumbourdis EK 2008. Pole-and-co
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98Tamarins (Saguinus spp.)Smith TE,
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108Boccia ML 1989. Long-term effect
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