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Line SW, Markowitz H, Morgan KN, Strong S 1989. Evaluation of attempts to enrich theenvironment of single-caged non-human primates. In Animal Care and Use in BehavioralResearch: Regulation, Issues, and Applications Driscoll JW (ed), 103-117. Animal WelfareInformation Center, Beltsville, MD"Rhesus macaques removed monkey biscuits from a puzzle feeder "despite the fact that the samekind of food was available free-choice at the twice-daily feedings."Lutz CK, Farrow RA 1996. Foraging device for singly housed longtailed macaques does notreduce stereotypies. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 35(3), 75-78"All [ten] subjects manipulated the foraging boards, but stereotyped behaviors and activitylevels were not significantly affected by the presence of the boards." Subjects "used" the boardsapproximately 2 minutes per 30 minute-observation sessions. "No reduction in board usage wasobserved over time of day or on repeated presentation, indicating that there was no novelty effector reduction in motivation."Maki S, Alford PL, Bloomsmith MA, Franklin J 1989. Food puzzle device simulating termitefishing for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology19(Supplement), 71-78"Significant reductions of abnormal behavior and significant increases in activity occurred withthe pipe feeder's availability. Species-typical tool-using activity occurred, and the use of the pipefeeder increased subjects' foraging and feeding activity toward more species-normative levels. ...Multiple puzzle devices should be available to group-housed animals to preclude ... aggressionarising from competition."Markowitz H 1979. Environmental enrichment and behavioral engineering for captive primates.In Captivity and Behavior Erwin J, Maple T, Mitchell G (eds), 217-238. Van NostrandReinhold, New York, NYFood dispensing apparatuses were developed and successfully implemented as feedingenrichment options for group-housed gibbons, siamangs and diana monkeys. "Frequently, oftenwith free food in their hands, they [gibbons] attempted to get the lights and levers to respond“and missed the opportunity to 'produce' food. "The problem of excess food lying around anddecaying on the floor had been reduced to a minimum."Maloney MA, Meiers ST, White J, Romano MA 2006 . Effects of three food enrichment itemson the behavior of black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco) and ringtail lemurs (Lemur catta) aththe Henson Robinson Zoo, Springfield, Illinois. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 9,111-127"The lemurs' behavior appeared [sic] to be most affected by the food enrichment item thatrequired the most manipulation."Mentz I, Perret K 1999. Environmental enrichment bei Flachlandgorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) -Beobachtungen zur Nahrungsaufnahme und zum Manipulationsverhalten. Der ZoologischeGarten 69, 1-15“Behavioural enrichment possibilities include greater dispersal of food as well as the providingof food boxes or raisin sticks. Each gorilla was engaged intensively with the raisin sticks [5.8%of day], but were especially responsive to the food boxes [15,2% of day]."103
104Molzen EM, French JA 1989. The problem of foraging in captive callitrichid primates:Behavioral time budgets and foraging skills. In Housing, Care and Psychological Wellbeing ofCaptive and Laboratory Primates Segal EF (ed), 89-101. Noyes Publications, Park RidgeThe group-housed animals had to hang from above, or sit on the covered bowl to obtain raisinsthat were mixed with ground corn cob. "The device reduced foraging yield and increasedforaging effort to levels similar to those observed in free-ranging populations. These dramaticchanges in behavioral profiles were produced even though the foraging device was supplementalto, rather than a replacement for, standard provisioning."Murchison MA 1992. Task-oriented feeding device for singly caged primates. LaboratoryPrimate Newsletter 31(1), 9-11http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn31-1.html#taskA perforated hard plastic ball loaded with peanuts was attached to the outside of the cage. "Theanimals spent most of their time sitting on their cage perches. Manipulating the foraging devicewas the second most time-consuming activity [males 22%, females 8%]."Murchison MA 1994. Primary forage feeder for singly-caged macaques. Laboratory PrimateNewsletter 33(1), 7-8http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn33-1.html#mark"Apparently the animals consumed nearly all the food retrieved from the forage feeders, leavingless on the cage floor to become contaminated. The animals spent significantly more timeforaging with the forage feeder than the standard feeder."Murchison MA 1995. Forage feeder box for single animal cages. Laboratory Primate Newsletter34(1), 1-2http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn34-1.html#forageStandard feeder with small access holes rather than one big access hole. Time spent foragingduring the first hour after biscuit distribution increased from 51 seconds when 40 biscuits werepresented in the standard feeder [one large access hole] to 400 seconds when 40 biscuits werepresented in the forage feeder [four small access holes]. "There were no differences between thestandard and forage feeders in number of biscuits fed and consumed." More biscuits fell on thecage floor and beneath the cage on the floor of the room in the standard feeder situation than inthe forage feeder situation.Murphy DE 1976. Enrichment and occupational devices for orang utans and chimpanzees.International Zoo News 137(23.5), 24-26http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/izn-mur.htm"A heavy metal cylinder, 60 cm long and 45 cm in diameter, was capped on each end and boltedto a platform. Three 8 cm holes in the cylinder allowed access to the inside. A short section of arubber hose was chained near one hole in the cylinder. The chimps were able to use the hose asa tool in a manner similar to fishing for termites or opening a beehive in the wild. Thechimpanzees rapidly emptied the container of their morning meal with ingenious manipulationand intense interest. .... Chimps and orangs manipulated their feeders even though ample foodwas available. On days when the device could be operated by the orang utans, they wereobserved climbing in the structure about thirty per cent more often than when the device was notoperating. There was an apparent increase in general activity. The most encouraging result wasa reduction in the female's stereotyped pacing. The environmental enrichment of the chimpexhibit has resulted in a decrease in observable coprophagy.”
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Table of ContentsSpecies-typical Be
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2Behavioral Pathologies (Abnormal B
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Meyerson BJ 1986. Ethology in anima
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6"An animal treated unsympathetical
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8"If sufficient room is not provide
Page 15 and 16:
Canadian Council on Animal Care 198
Page 17 and 18:
12Platt DM, Kinsey JH, Jorgenson MJ
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14(7) Enforced RestraintAdams MR, K
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16Goosen DJ, Davies JH, Maree M, Do
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Norman RL, McGlone J, Smith CJ 1994
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20Crockett CM, Bowers CL, Shimoji M
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22(10) Double-tier Cage Arrangement
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National Research Council 1998. The
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26Coe CL 1991. Is social housing of
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28Tatoyan SK, Cherkovich GM 1972. T
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30Line SW, Morgan KN, Markowitz H,
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32Reinhardt V 1989. Evaluation of t
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34Clarke AS, Juno CJ, Maple TL 1982
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36The animals “spent most time in
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38Brent L, Belik M 1997. The respon
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40"Access to the puzzles was accomp
Page 47 and 48:
42"The purpose of this study was to
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44Choi GC 1993. Humans enrich the l
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46“Eleven baboons who had been si
Page 53 and 54:
48Reinhardt V, Houser WD, Eisele S,
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50Thompson MA, Bloomsmith MA, Taylo
Page 57 and 58: (7) Working with Cooperative Animal
Page 59 and 60: 54Lambeth SP, Hau J, Perlman JE, Ma
Page 61 and 62: 56Smith M, Barley J, Down N, Franci
Page 63 and 64: Environmental Enrichment58(1) Defin
Page 65 and 66: 60Baker KC, Seres M, Aureli F, de W
Page 67 and 68: 62Judge PG, de Waal BM, Paul KS, Go
Page 69 and 70: (2,1,b) Group-housing: Group Format
Page 71 and 72: 66McNary JK 1992. Integration of ch
Page 73 and 74: 68Clarke MR, Blanchard JL 1994. All
Page 75 and 76: Watts E 1997. Introductions. In Ora
Page 77 and 78: 72Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, Morea
Page 79 and 80: 74Hotchkiss CE, Paule MG 2003. Effe
Page 81 and 82: 76Reinhardt V, Hurwitz S 1993. Eval
Page 83 and 84: 78Shively CA 2001. Psychological we
Page 85 and 86: 80“The establishment of dominance
Page 87 and 88: 82Reinhardt V 1991. Agonistic behav
Page 89 and 90: Abney D, Conlee K, Cunneen M, Down
Page 91 and 92: 86Boccia ML, Broussard C, Scanlan J
Page 93 and 94: Southey ER, Baldwin CM 2006. Social
Page 95 and 96: T-W-Fiennes RN 1972. Primates - Gen
Page 97 and 98: 927 to 44 training sessions. .. The
Page 99 and 100: 94Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, Morea
Page 101 and 102: 96Skoumbourdis EK 2008. Pole-and-co
Page 103 and 104: 98Tamarins (Saguinus spp.)Smith TE,
Page 105 and 106: 100Bertrand F, Seguin Y, Chauvier F
Page 107: 102Gilloux I, Gurnell J, Shepherdso
Page 111 and 112: 106Reinhardt V 1992. Foraging for c
Page 113 and 114: 108Boccia ML 1989. Long-term effect
Page 115 and 116: 110Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, More
Page 117 and 118: 112”We give our pair-housed cynos
Page 119 and 120: 114use their hands to obtain and pr
Page 121 and 122: 116MacLean E, Roberts Prior S 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Bayne K, Hurst JK, Dexter SL 1992.
Page 125 and 126: 120Phillippi-Falkenstein K 1998. Us
Page 127 and 128: 122Shimoji M, Bowers CL, Crockett C
Page 129 and 130: Anonymous 1991. The psychological w
Page 131 and 132: 126Pruetz JD, Bloomsmith MA 1992. C
Page 133 and 134: 128Reinhardt V 1990. Time budget of
Page 135 and 136: 130O'Neill PL, Wright AC, Weed JL 1
Page 137 and 138: 132above ground level. I very often
Page 139 and 140: 134Canadian Council on Animal Care
Page 141 and 142: 136International Primatological Soc
Page 143 and 144: 138forage daily, by scattering food
Page 145 and 146: 140sensory and emotional experience
Page 147 and 148: 142Bayne K 1989 Resolving issues of
Page 149 and 150: 144creation? Very unlikely!I think
Page 151: 146Spaeth GL 1994. Editorial: Carin
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