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109the wood-chips looking for and eating grain even though that same grain was available fromhoppers full of the stuff nearby."Combette C, Anderson JR 1991. Réponses à deux techniques d’enrichissement environmentalchez deux espèces de primates en laboratoire (Cebus apella, Lemur macaco). Cahiersd'Ethologie 11, 1-16"Locomotion almost doubled in the lemurs when small food items were added to the litter, butonly the [group-housed] capuchins engaged in foraging activities to any extent."Grief L, Fritz J, Maki S 1992. Alternative forage types for captive chimpanzees. LaboratoryPrimate Newsletter 31(2), 11-13http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn31-2.html#grief"Chicken scratch, because it is small and harder to find [in the litter], elicited the most foragingof the three foods ['sweet feed', popcorn]. It is very encouraging to see the chimpanzees stillforaging late in the day for these small kernels. In addition, for subjects such as our blindanimal, who had one of the highest foraging scores in our study, this [inexpensive] enrichmentcannot be overemphasized."Lutz CK, Novak MA 1995. Use of foraging racks and shavings as enrichment tools for groups ofrhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Zoo Biology 14, 463-474Antagonism decreased when the animals had to search for food in wood shavings.Mahoney CJ 1992. Some thoughts on psychological enrichment. Lab Animal 21(5), 27,29,32-37Pans from rabbit cages can be used as foraging trays. "We fill the trays with wood chips or othertypes of bedding scattered with crushed maize, rice, or raisins, and attach them to the undersideof the cage floors with bungie cords, thereby providing the animals with hours of searchingactivity."Stegenga L 1993. Modifying spider monkey behavior with the use of environmental variables.The Shape of Enrichment 2(3), 3-4"During baseline observations, the monkeys spent 7.3% of the time feeding, but when leaveswere added to the enclosure, feeding activities increased to 13.1% of the time. ... When theleaves were added to the enclosure, playtime was more significant."(4,3) Produce
110Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, Moreau E, Morton D, Patterson-Kane E, Reinhardt A, ReinhardtV, Van Loo P 2007. Making Lives Easier for Animals in Research Labs - Chapter 4.4.Coconuts. Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institutehttp://www.awionline.org/pubs/LAREF/enrich.html#coconuts"Rhesus don’t care much about coconuts, but stump-tailed macaques are fascinated by them anddo not get tired ”working“ on them until the last morsel has disappeared in the drop pan. Itnever occurred that one of the monkeys somehow became injured while processing a nut.I give whole coconuts to our individually caged cynos. More than anything, they likethem for grooming purposes. It gives them something else to do besides bite themselves. I alsohad a female who carried her coconut around as if it was a baby, constantly clutching it to herchest, and lip smacking to it, grooming it, etc. She was a chronic alopecia case. The coconutalleviated some — unfortunately not all — of her stereotypical hair pulling behavior."Baumans V, Coke C, Green J, Moreau E, Morton D, Patterson-Kane E, Reinhardt A, ReinhardtV, Van Loo P 2007. Making Lives Easier for Animals in Research Labs - Chapter 4.3. FeedingEnrichment. Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institutehttp://www.awionline.org/pubs/LAREF/enrich.html#feed-prim”I have given whole watermelons to group-housed rhesus, cynos, bonnet and stump-tailedmacaques for several years without noticeable adverse effects. It would be a waste of time to cutthe melons into small pieces. The monkeys first gnaw a hole into the rind and then ”dig“ into thesoft and juicy part. They really like this and are kept busy until the last morsel has been eaten.They usually discard the rind, but before they do so they thoroughly remove any soft materialand eat it. This usually creates quite a mess, but I don’t mind cleaning it up, because the animalsenjoy this type of feeding enrichment so much.We give whole pumpkins to rhesus and cynos in both single- and group-housedenvironments. I would say that this is one of the most effective foraging device we have evergiven our animals. All of them spent hours processing their pumpkin!I give whole corn with the husk to our pair- and group-housed rhesus and baboons. Theylove it, and I enjoy observing them "peel and eat," leaving a big mess after they have finished.They gnaw the cob into little pieces that finally fall through the grid floor on the pans. I cannotsay whether they actually also eat pieces of the cob, but we have never encountered any healthrelatedproblem. I don't mind cleaning up the mess; its worth the treat!We use corn on the cob for all our caged cynos, rhesus and vervets. The animals give theimpression that they love processing and eating the corn. They typically pick the kennels bothwith their hands and their teeth. When they are done, they proceed gnawing on the cob. I don’tknow if they actually ingest pieces of it. Even if they do, we have never encountered any clinicalproblems.“Beirise JH, Reinhardt V 1992. Three inexpensive environmental enrichment options for grouphousedMacaca mulatta. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 31(1), 7-8http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn31-1.html#three"We distributed the following enrichment materials on the floor once a week, each on a differentday: (1) 1 kg roasted peanuts in their shells; (2) 32 ears of hard corn; (3) one non-corrugatedcardboard box. ... After a habituation period of 8 weeks, [2-hour] behavioral observations weremade. ...The corn was the most effective eliciter of foraging activity, engaging the animals about77% of the time. Next in effectiveness was the box (65%) and finally the peanuts (47%)."
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26Coe CL 1991. Is social housing of
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28Tatoyan SK, Cherkovich GM 1972. T
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34Clarke AS, Juno CJ, Maple TL 1982
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38Brent L, Belik M 1997. The respon
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40"Access to the puzzles was accomp
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42"The purpose of this study was to
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44Choi GC 1993. Humans enrich the l
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46“Eleven baboons who had been si
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48Reinhardt V, Houser WD, Eisele S,
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50Thompson MA, Bloomsmith MA, Taylo
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54Lambeth SP, Hau J, Perlman JE, Ma
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56Smith M, Barley J, Down N, Franci
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Page 145 and 146: 140sensory and emotional experience
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