Re finem for Annot ment a Prima tated nd En ates K Biblio vironm ...

43"These results suggest that simple, unstructured affiliation between humans and chimpanzeeshas a powerful impact on well-being, promoting activity and relaxed conspecific interactionsand ameliorating undesirable behaviors [e.g., abnormal behaviors]."Bayne K, Dexter SL, Suomi SJ 1991. Social housing ameliorates behavioral pathology in Cebusapella. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 30(2), 9-12http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn30-2.html#bayneChange from single- to group-housing "effectively reduced stereotypic behaviors; however, italso was associated with more passive behaviors... The concurrent shifts in these components ofthe behavioral repertoire suggests that the animals were in a calmer state when housedsocially."Bayne K, Dexter SL, Strange GM 1993. The effects of food treat provisioning and humaninteraction on the behavioral well-being of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). ContemporaryTopics in Laboratory Animal Science 32(2), 6-9“The effects of human interaction and food supplementation appear to be protracted, resulting ina reduction of pathology [behavioral disorders] even after the enrichment is removed."Bloomsmith MA, Baker KC, Ross SK, Lambeth SP 1998. Enlarging chimpanzee social groups:The behavioral course of introductions. American Journal of Primatology 45, 171 (Abstract)Stereotyped rocking declined in newly integrated individuals.Boccia ML, Reite M, Laudenslager ML 1989. On the physiology of grooming in a pigtailmacaque. Physiology and Behavior 45, 667-670When the subject received grooming from others, heart rate was significantly lower than duringself grooming, as well as during other behaviors.Bourgeois SR, Brent L 2005. Modifying the behaviour of singly caged baboons: evaluating theeffectiveness of four enrichment techniques. Animal Welfare 14, 71-81Seven singly caged adolescent [mean age: 4.2 years] male baboons were studied. "Analysis ofbaseline behaviour verified substantial durations of abnormal behaviour [9.8/30- minobservations (33% of time)]. We tested the effectiveness of ... positive reinforcement training(PRT), food enrichment [fruits, frozen fruit/juice, foraging devices], non-food enrichment [toys],and social enrichment (pair/trio). .. The social enrichment condition resulted in the mostpositive behavioural changes, including ... near elimination of abnormal behaviours [0.7/30-minobservation (2% of time)]. Significant reduction in total abnormal behaviour levels were alsofound for other types of enrichment, but only social enrichment and PRT were effective inreducing whole-body stereotypies. ... Animal enrichment (human or conspecific stimulation), asopposed to inanimate enrichment, provides optimal means of behaviour modification for singlycaged baboons.”Bushong D, Schapiro SJ, Bloomsmith MA 1992. Self-aggression in nonhuman primates: Areview of its development/possible causes, methods of therapeutic treatment, and its relevance tothe zoo situation. American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings,723-728"Social enrichment appears to be the most effective method of reducing the development orfrequency of abnormal behaviors.” After the animals ”were moved from single- to pair-housing,preliminary analyses of individual behavior indicated that there was a decrease in time spent inself-aggressive behaviors."