Re finem for Annot ment a Prima tated nd En ates K Biblio vironm ...

35"Moving singly housed baboons to an enriched outdoor enclosure had significant effects on allbehaviors analyzed. Abnormal behavior, cage directed activities, and self-directed activities alldecreased in the corn cribs. Inactivity, locomotion, and normal behavior, as well as enrichmentdirected activities and social behavior all increased in the corn cribs."Leu M, Crockett CM, Bowers CL, Bowden DM 1993. Changes in activity levels of singlyhoused longtailed macaques when given the opportunity to exercise in a larger cage. AmericanJournal of Primatology 30, 327 (Abstract)"Over a period of 36 days, each [single-housed] animal had 15 min per day access to amulticompartmental [large] exercise cage." Locomotion increased while stereotypical behaviordecreased when the animals were in the exercise cage.Maple TL, Finlay TW 1987. Post-occupancy evaluation in the zoo. Applied Animal BehaviourScience 18, 5-18"We investigated the effects of translocating great apes from barren cages to innovativenaturalistic habitats. ... For both gorillas and orangutans, the new environment had the effect ofreducing the variety and frequency of aggressive interactions. ... Some behaviors, such a playbiting,were recorded for the first time in the new enclosure. Both gorillas were prone toregurgitation and re-ingestion in their former cages. However, in the naturalistic environmentsthese abnormal behaviors were never observed."Marriott BM, Marriott RW, Norris J, Lee D 1993. A semi-natural habitat for housing small,nonhuman primates. Journal of Medical Primatology 22, 348-354http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/jmp22-3.htmA semi-natural habitat was designed to house a group of squirrel monkeys. Animals maintainedin this environment were "healthy, and none of the animals exhibited locomotor stereotypies.”McGuffey LH, McCully CL, Bernacky BJ, Blaney SM 2002. Incorporation of an enrichmentprogram into a study protocol involving long-term restraint in macaques. Lab Animal 31(10), 37-39"In our experience, the provision of periodic intervals of unrestricted activity directly correlatedwith an increased tolerance during relatively more extended periods of [chair] restraint."O'Neill PL 1989. Short-term and long-term benefits of environmental enrichment on laboratoryrhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). American Zoo and Aquarium Association RegionalConference Proceedings, 616-625The animals were transferred from their barren group cage to a more spacious playroomequipped with climbing /perching structures and swings for one hour per day, five days a week:The animals showed a decline in the frequency of three [out of four] behavioral disorders in theplaypen. This therapeutic effect was nullified back in the barren homecage."Pines MK, Kaplan G, Rogers LJ 2007. A note on indoor and outdoor housing preferences ofcommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 108(3-4), 348-353"When given free access to move between their home cage and outdoors, the marmosets spent70% of their day in the outdoor cage."Seier JV, Loza J, Benjamin L 2004. Housing and stereotyped behaviour: Some observationsfrom an indoor colony of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). Folia Primatologica75(Supplement), 332 (Abstract)