Re finem for Annot ment a Prima tated nd En ates K Biblio vironm ...

927 to 44 training sessions. .. These results suggest that through the use of positive reinforcement,chimpanzees can be quickly and reliably trained to present for injections as part of a researchprotocol requiring multiple accesses."Schapiro SJ, Perlman JE, Thiele E, Lambeth S 2005. Training nonhuman primates to performbehaviors useful in biomedical research. Lab Animal 34(5), 37-42Training protocols are described and the time investments to achieve cooperation for semencollection [7 subjects: 29-453 minutes], subcutaneous [2 subjects: 90-104 minutes; 1 subjectcould not be trained] and intramuscular injection [39 subjects: 0.1-396 minutes; 43 subjectscould not be trained] are presented.Spragg SDS 1940. Morphine addiction in chimpanzees. Comparative Psychology Monographs15, 1-132Author provides formal description of training four unrestrained chimpanzees to approach aninvestigator and accept an injection of physiological saline solution. The training comprised acombination of adaptation, desensitization, and shaping, with fruit, praise, and patting asreinforcers. "It is the writer's contention that this preliminary adaptation to the injectionsituation was an important factor for the experiment; it obviated many undesirable aspectswhich would have appeared if it had been necessary to inject the animals by force."Videan EN, Fritz J, Murphy J, Borman R, Smith HF, Howell S 2005. Training captivechimpanzees to cooperate for an anesthetic injection. Lab Animal 34(5), 43-48Training protocol is described in detail and the time investment presented.Videan EN, Fritz J, Murphy J, Howell S, Heward CB 2005. Does training chimpanzees topresent for injection lead to reduced stress? Laboratory Primate Newsletter 44(3), 1-2http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn44-3.html#videan"Subjects were 17 captive chimpanzees living at the Primate Foundation of Arizona, aged 10.6to 34.5 years at the time of the study. The sample included 8 males and 9 females. Eleven of thesubjects were trained, using positive reinforcement techniques, over 21 months (Videan et al.,2005). Individuals were trained to present an arm or leg to the cage mesh for anestheticinjection, using the verbal cues “arm” and “leg”. Training procedures were transferred fromthe trainer to either the colony manager or the assistant colony manager, after behaviors wereunder stimulus control, in 5 of the trained subjects. .. When all trained individuals were pooled,trained subjects exhibited significantly lower levels of cortisol than untrained (U=7, p