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67The integration of five hand-reared infants into a group of 5 females and 1 male was successfuland without incident. "Findings lend strong support to the importance of peer groups and thepresence of a silverback male for facilitating the integration of hand-reared infants intoestablished groups.”Meder A 1985. Integration of hand-reared gorilla infants in a group. Zoo Biology 4, 1-12Zoo-born gorilla infants "could best be introduced into a group when about 1.5 to 2 years old;when younger or older, social integration becomes more difficult. An introduction to adultfemales in a small cage until strong social relations are formed leads to a smoother socialintegration in the whole group afterward and takes less time than socializing the infants tojuveniles. Allowing the infants to explore the group's main enclosure alone and before they jointhe group permanently leads to better spacial orientation for them and helps to lessen theiruneasiness in the new social situation. Providing the infants with a shelter within the group'senclosure, which gives them access to the group but is inaccessible to the adults, reduces tensionand thus aggression toward them.”Winslow S, Ogden J. J., Maple TL 1990. Socialization of an adult male lowland gorilla (Gorillagorilla gorilla). Proceedings of the Columbus Zoo Gorilla Workshop, 195-204Successful group formation process of an adult male, an adult female, and a juvenile female isoutlined.Macaques (Macaca spp.)Asvestas C, Reininger M 1999. Forming a bachelor group of long-tailed macaques (Macacafascicularis). Laboratory Primate Newsletter 38(3), 14http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn38-3.html#groupThe careful establishment of a compatible group of 24 male long-tailed macaques is described."The worst injuries were a split lip and a bite to the leg, both of which healed up quickly.”Bernstein IS, Gordon TP 1977. Behavioral research in breeding colonies of Old World monkeys.Laboratory Animal Science 27, 532-540“The simultaneous release of all animals has proven to produce the fewest injuries and the mostrapid social integration. The addition of individuals to such a colony results in the mobbing ofadults, often with severe consequences. Once a group is established, one should avoid addinganimals no matter how desirable this might appear. If new groups are to be established, it is farless damaging to the stability of the colony to divide a group along matrilineal lines than toremove any particular age class.”Clarke AS, Czekala NM, Lindburg DG 1995. Behavioral and adrenocortical responses of malecynomolgus and lion-tailed macaques to social stimulation and group formation. Primates 36,41-46"Males were exposed to a mirror, then visually exposed to conspecific neighbors in all pairwisecombinations, and then formed into conspecific groups [of 3 animals each]. Following groupformation [urinary] cortisol values showed a decreasing trend in the cynomolgus, but not in thelion-tails. The cynomolgus rapidly adapted to group living and relations between them wereprimarily affiliative. In contrast, no affiliative behavior was ever observed in the lion-tail group,which appeared to be highly stressed by group living and was eventually disbanded.“
68Clarke MR, Blanchard JL 1994. All-male social group formation: Does cutting canine teethpromote social integration? Laboratory Primate Newsletter 33(2), 5-8http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn33-2.html#clarkeGroups of rhesus males were formed by releasing future group members in same enclosure.Within the first five months one of 26 animals died and two were killed due to trauma resultingfrom fighting.Good GP, Sassenrath EN 1980. Persistent adrenocortical activation in female rhesus monkeysafter new breeding group formation. Journal of Medical Primatology 9, 325-334"Persistent elevated adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH has been demonstrated in femalerhesus monkeys as long as 13 weeks after relocation into new single male breeding groups.”Gust DA, Gordon TP, Wilson ME, Brodie AR, Ahmed-Ansari A, McClure HM 1991. Formationof a new social group of unfamiliar female rhesus monkeys affects the immune and pituitaryadrenocortical systems. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 5, 296-307Eight females were introduced. “Dominance rank was established within 48 h by noncontactthreats and chases and was unchanged throughout the study. Only two minor wounds wererecorded." The animals showed physiological stress responses during the first 9 weeks aftergroup formation.Jensen GD, Blanton FL, Gribble DH 1980. Older monkeys' (Macaca radiata) response to newgroup formation: Behavior, reproduction and mortality. Experimental Gerontology 15, 399-406"A group of younger bonnets (5 males and 33 females under 10 yrs of age) suffered 11%mortality in the first three months after new group formation, the death all due to trauma.”Kessler MJ, London WT, Rawlins RG, Gonzales J, Martines HS, Sanches J 1985. Managementof a harem breeding colony of rhesus monkeys to reduce trauma-related morbidity and mortality.Journal of Medical Primatology 13, 91-98Mortality rates per year were reduced from 13.4% to 3.5% "when monkeys were maintained inpermanent harems to which returning females were reintroduced compared to new social groupsformed from aggregates of unfamiliar animals."Line SW, Morgan KN, Roberts JA, Markowitz H 1990. Preliminary comments on resocializationof aged macaques. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 29(1), 8-12http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn29-1.html#lineEach rhesus monkey [6 males and 7 females] was introduced to group members in a series ofbrief pair tests. The incidence of serious injury was 62% including one fatality.Meshik VA 1994. Group formation in adult Japanese macaques. International Zoo News 41(3),5-9http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/izn-mes.htm"Starting with submissive animals, individuals from the first group [2 females and 1 male] wereintroduced step by step to the second [resident] group [3 females and 1 male]. A new group wassuccessfully formed without severe fighting. There were practically no aggressive acts."Reinhardt V 1991. Group formation of previously single-caged adult rhesus macaques for thepurpose of environmental enrichment. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 34, 110-115http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/es34-1.html
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Page 41 and 42: 36The animals “spent most time in
Page 43 and 44: 38Brent L, Belik M 1997. The respon
Page 45 and 46: 40"Access to the puzzles was accomp
Page 47 and 48: 42"The purpose of this study was to
Page 49 and 50: 44Choi GC 1993. Humans enrich the l
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Page 55 and 56: 50Thompson MA, Bloomsmith MA, Taylo
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Page 103 and 104: 98Tamarins (Saguinus spp.)Smith TE,
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128Reinhardt V 1990. Time budget of
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134Canadian Council on Animal Care
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138forage daily, by scattering food
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140sensory and emotional experience
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142Bayne K 1989 Resolving issues of
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144creation? Very unlikely!I think
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146Spaeth GL 1994. Editorial: Carin
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