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105Novak MA, Kinsey JH, Jorgensen MJ, Hazen TJ 1998. Effects of puzzle feeders on pathologicalbehavior in individually housed rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Primatology 46, 213-227"Manipulation of the puzzle feeder was associated with a reduction in pacing and rocking in allsubjects; but this effect was transient, occurring only during the first hour after the puzzle feederwas filled with treats. Puzzle feeder manipulation had no effect on self-injurious behavior.”Nishimura S 2006. Owl monkey enrichment ideas. Tech Talk 11(1)"One enrichment item we use is a small suet basket. We place pieces of fresh fruits, dried fruits,nuts, and ice cubes inside the basket and hang it inside the cages and kennels. The holes in thesuet basket are too small for the Aotus to reach through, so they spend a good amount of timetrying to manipulate the food pieces with their fingers and teeth.Another form of enrichment used is a small plastic baskets filled with hay, pine shavings, or SaniChips to which we add a few nuts, cereal pieces, or mealworms." These two items increaseforaging time.O'Connor E, Reinhardt V 1994. Caged stumptailed macaques voluntarily work for ordinary food.In Touch 1(1), 10-11http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/tou-food.htm"Dan spent 286 seconds retrieving 12 biscuits from the food puzzle after leaving 21 freelyavailable dish-biscuits untouched."Perret K, Büchner S, Adler HJ 1998. Beschäftigungsprogramme für Schimpansen (Pantroglodytes) im Zoo. Der Zoologische Garten 68, 95-111An effective feeding enrichment program for group-housed chimpanzees is described andassessed. The program resulted in a more than two-fold increase in time spent foraging (23.6%vs. 57.4% per day).Poffe A, Melotto S, Gerrard PA 1995. Comparison of four environmental enrichment strategiesin captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Primate Report 42, 24-25"Access to the puzzles was accompanied by increase in social interaction and activity anddecrease in stereotypic behaviour. This behavioural profile was also observed, to a lesser extent,in animals exposed to the 'gum tree'. ... Novel objects alone [toys] failed to significantly alterbehaviour."Preilowski B, Reger M, Engele H 1988. Combining scientific experimentation with conventionalhousing: A pilot study with rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Primatology 14, 223-234"The testing apparatus ... was connected to a computer that controlled the test and thedistribution of regular monkey chow as reward." Manipulatory activity required by theapparatus reduced motor stereotypies but not self-biting in single-housed subjects.Prist. P., Pizzutto CS, Hashimoto C 2004. Woven vine balls and baskets as feeding enrichmentfor howler monkeys. Shape of Enrichment 14(2), 1-2http://www.enrichment.org/articles/142Howlers.pdf"Our results showed that the animals spent more time foraging when the feeder balls were used[compared to the baskets], since it was more difficult to reach the leaves. The monkeys alsoexplored each of the baskets and stopped spending most of their time on the floor. We concludedthat these two enrichment ideas increased the animals' activity through play and exploration,and also increased their use of vertical space and reduced their time on the floor. Thesebehaviors are more species-typical and appropriate for arboreal monkeys."
106Reinhardt V 1992. Foraging for commercial chow. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 31(2), 10http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn31-2.html#chowWhile sitting on swings, platforms or other elevated structures, or clinging to the mesh,individual animals seize a piece of chow and retrieve it through the mesh of the ceiling. “Thissimple 'food puzzle' not only promotes non-injurious foraging skills but also keeps the floorrelatively clean by avoiding undue spoilage of food. The animals only work for food that theyactually eat."Reinhardt V 1993. Enticing nonhuman primates to forage for their standard biscuit ration. ZooBiology 12, 307-312http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/zb12-30.htmOrdinary feeder-boxes were converted into food puzzles by remounting them onto the mesh of thefront of the cages, away from original access holes. The total amount of time [pair-housed] adultmale rhesus macaques engaged in gathering the standard biscuit ration was 141 times higher atfood puzzles [42.2 min] than at feeder-boxes [0.3 min].Reinhardt V 1993. Evaluation of an inexpensive custom-made food puzzle used as primaryfeeder for pair-housed rhesus macaques. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 32(3), 7-8http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn32-3.html#food"Working for their standard food rather than collecting it from freely accessible food boxes didnot impair the [pair-housed] animals' body weight maintenance, suggesting that their generalhealth was not impaired by the new feeding technique."Reinhardt V 1993. Promoting increased foraging behaviour in caged stumptailed macaques.Folia Primatologica 61, 47-51"Simply remounting the food box [of single-housed subjects] a few centimeters away from theaccess hole resulted in a 69-fold increase in total time engaged in [biscuit ration] foodretrievingactivities."Reinhardt V 1993. Using the mesh ceiling as a food puzzle to encourage foraging behaviour incaged rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Animal Welfare 2, 165-172http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/aw3mesh.htm"Daily commercial dry food rations consisting of 33 bar-shaped or 16 star-shaped biscuits peranimal were placed on the mesh ceiling of the cages instead of in the feed-boxes. This induced an80-fold increase and 289-fold increase, respectively, in foraging time" in the pair-housed males.Reinhardt V 1994. Caged rhesus macaques voluntarily work for ordinary food. Primates 35, 95-98http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/primat~1.htmIndividuals spent on average 32 sec retrieving biscuits from the ordinary food box, and 673 secretrieving biscuits from the food puzzle. "It was inferred that the animals voluntarily worked forordinary food, with the expression of foraging activities serving as its own reward."Riviello MC 1995. The use of feeding board as an environmental enrichment device for tuftedcapuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Primate Report 42, 23-24http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/pr42-2~2.htm"Results show that the feeding board [on which seeds were scattered] were almost always in use[during 30-minute observations]” by the group-housed animals.
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