Re finem for Annot ment a Prima tated nd En ates K Biblio vironm ...

115Buchanan-Smith HM 1991. A field study on the red-bellied tamarin, Saguinus l. labiatus, inBoliva. International Journal of Primatology 12, 259-276Tamarins spent 90% of their time in the upper half of their 186 cm-high cages when observationswere made from a hide.Clarence WM, Scott JP, Dorris MC, Paré M 2006. Use of enclosures providing verticaldimension by captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) involved in biomedical research.JAALAS [Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science], 45(5), 31-34"The monkeys visited more often and occupied for longer time regions at or above human eyelevel [perches and top home cage] than lower regions." The total percentage of time spent in thetop home cage was found to be significantly greater than in the bottom home cage."European Commission 2002. The Welfare of Non-human Primates - Report of the ScientificCommitte on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. European Commission, Strasbourg, Francehttp://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scah/out83_en.pdf"Enclosures for nonhuman primates should be equipped with one or more elevated restingsurfaces (to a position higher than the level at which they perceive threatening factors, e.g.,humans) and installed in such a way that an animal can sit on them comfortably. Perches orshelves should be provided in all cages. Arboreal species should be given adequate verticalspace to allow the expression of normal locomotory behaviour. Primates should not be placed indouble-tiered caging unless the arrangement permits adequate vertical movement for theanimal."Goff C, Howell SM, Fritz J, Nankivell B 1994. Space use and proximity of captive chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes) mother/offspring pairs. Zoo Biology 13, 61-68"Results confirmed the importance of vertical cage dimension and suggested the provision ofhorizontal substrates above the enclosure floor is important."Home Office 1989. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. Code of Practice for the Housingand Care of Animals Used in Scientific Procedures. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UKhttp://scienceandresearch.homeoffice.gov.uk/animal-research/legislation/"The use of space by primates means that cage volume is important. Virtually all show a verticalflight reaction. Cage height should allow for this and should permit the animals to stand erect,jump and climb, and to sit on a perch without head or tail touching the cage."International Primatological Society 1993. IPS International guidelines for the acquisition, careand breeding of nonhuman primates, Codes of Practice 1-3. Primate Report 35, 3-29http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/ips/codes.txt"The vertical dimension of the cage is of importance [because of the vertical flight response] andcages where the monkey is able to perch above human eye level are recommended."Kaumanns W, Schönmann U 1997. Requirements for cebids. Primate Report 49, 71-91"Arboreal species need ... enclosures which allow a differentiated moving in the verticaldimension. They should be able to use spatial positions which are above the level ... ofthreatening humans or potential dangerous events in their environment. Cage positions in akeeping room below the eye level of human can be a source of permanent stress, because theyare incompatible with adaptive tendencies of arboreal primates to avoid risks by using higherparts of the habitat."