Priorities for PolicyOverall, one conclusion to be reached when exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g policies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> B4 countries, is that muchhas been achieved when it comes to improv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> adm<strong>in</strong>istrative <strong>and</strong> regulatory framework <strong>and</strong>exp<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> network of support services to <strong>SMEs</strong>. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g focus onchang<strong>in</strong>g attitudes <strong>and</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g entrepreneurial/management skills, as well as on capitaliz<strong>in</strong>g on<strong>the</strong> vast knowledge base <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se countries. At <strong>the</strong> same time, however <strong>the</strong>re are still many hurdlesto jump. <strong>SMEs</strong> have a tougher time access<strong>in</strong>g foreign <strong>in</strong>vestment (as most is geared towards largemult<strong>in</strong>ationals), <strong>and</strong> do not often have <strong>the</strong> option of seek<strong>in</strong>g venture capital (as <strong>the</strong>re is virtuallyno seed capital <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se countries; see Box 12). Instead, <strong>SMEs</strong> must seek partnerships with o<strong>the</strong>rcompanies <strong>and</strong> research <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>in</strong>novate. Yet <strong>the</strong> policy mechanisms support<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>sel<strong>in</strong>kages <strong>and</strong> cooperation forms (e.g. technoparks <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>novation relay centers) are still young <strong>and</strong> arenot yet achiev<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> goals <strong>the</strong>y set out to achieve.Thus, accord<strong>in</strong>g to one expert <strong>in</strong>terviewed, technoparks are “filled with companies seek<strong>in</strong>g tax breaks,<strong>and</strong> that are not catalyz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> formation of clusters <strong>and</strong> research partnerships as envisaged”. Innovationrelay centers are access<strong>in</strong>g thous<strong>and</strong>s of possible <strong>in</strong>ternational partners for technology development<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>novation, yet spend much of <strong>the</strong>ir time confirm<strong>in</strong>g credibility <strong>and</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g trust betweenpossible partners. Although ICT has eased communication between <strong>in</strong>ternational partners, <strong>the</strong> abilityto truly form a long-last<strong>in</strong>g partnership still has everyth<strong>in</strong>g to do with relationships.76
Box 12: On <strong>SMEs</strong> <strong>and</strong> F<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>gIt does not come as a surprise that companies (of any size) claim that “lack of funds” is abarrier to <strong>the</strong>ir ability to <strong>in</strong>novate <strong>and</strong> grow. Access to capital is, of course, a basic need for allcompanies. However, <strong>the</strong> terms govern<strong>in</strong>g this access (e.g. proof of credit history/collateral,level of <strong>in</strong>terest rates, terms of repayment, etc.) are generally more favorable for larger, moreestablished companies than for <strong>SMEs</strong>.A common “first l<strong>in</strong>e of action” for companies located <strong>in</strong> transition economies is to seek FDI.FDI is generally geared toward larger companies. Companies may <strong>the</strong>n look toward commercialbanks for capital, yet with strict requirements on collateral/repayment, <strong>and</strong> generally high<strong>in</strong>terest rates (to account for <strong>the</strong> high risk of <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestment), <strong>the</strong> cost of this capital is generallytoo high. Companies can <strong>the</strong>n seek venture/risk capital. In <strong>the</strong> B4, <strong>the</strong> venture capital sourcesare generally not fully developed, mean<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> earliest stages of <strong>in</strong>vestment (seed capital) areei<strong>the</strong>r non-existent, or at m<strong>in</strong>imum levels of <strong>in</strong>vestment (500.000 is generally considered a lowm<strong>in</strong>imum <strong>in</strong>vestment) which are well beyond <strong>the</strong> needs of new <strong>SMEs</strong>.The public sector <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se countries have taken steps to ameliorate this condition, establish<strong>in</strong>gmicro loan/grant facilities <strong>and</strong> special credit funds for <strong>SMEs</strong>, yet results have shown that,on average, <strong>the</strong> larger companies are those who are receiv<strong>in</strong>g a greater proportion of publicassistance (see table below).Public Fund<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> EU among enterprises with <strong>in</strong>novation activity, by size-class, 1998-2000INDUSTRYProportion of enterprises hav<strong>in</strong>greceived public fund<strong>in</strong>g (%)SERVICESProportion of enterprises hav<strong>in</strong>greceived public fund<strong>in</strong>g (%)AbsoluteAbsolutefiguresAll Small Medium Large figures All Small Medium LargeReceived fund<strong>in</strong>g 45128 35 32 35 57 13727 19 18 21 26Local or regional 22704 17 18 15 22 7718 11 11 12 12Central government 23859 18 15 21 41 6116 9 8 10 16EU 10141 8 6 8 22 3504 5 4 7 144th or 5th RTD 5357 4 3 4 17 2560 4 3 6 10Source: Eurostat (2004c)In fact, surveys <strong>in</strong> both Estonia <strong>and</strong> Latvia have shown that <strong>the</strong> smaller <strong>the</strong> company, <strong>the</strong> lower <strong>the</strong>occurrence of hav<strong>in</strong>g external (i.e. exclud<strong>in</strong>g family <strong>and</strong> friends) f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong>, hence, <strong>the</strong> lower<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tensity of <strong>in</strong>novation expenditure. It has also been shown that micro enterprises apply lessfrequently to those bus<strong>in</strong>ess guarantees that are specifically designed for <strong>the</strong>ir needs (Jürgensonet.al. (2003), p. 56). This can be due to a lack of awareness (stemm<strong>in</strong>g from lack of <strong>in</strong>ternet access)or due to <strong>the</strong> belief that <strong>the</strong>y would not be approved for such guarantees. Whatever <strong>the</strong> reason,it is obvious that f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g (especially for <strong>the</strong> smallest of companies) cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be a problemfor young <strong>SMEs</strong>. The problem does not appear to be a lack of capital supply (<strong>in</strong> fact, 20% of VCfunds raised <strong>in</strong> Pol<strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g 1998-1999 are still available for <strong>in</strong>vestment), but ra<strong>the</strong>r a lack ofawareness <strong>and</strong> entrepreneurial/management/bus<strong>in</strong>ess knowledge on <strong>the</strong> part of <strong>the</strong>se (smaller)companies. <strong>SMEs</strong> are not aware of <strong>the</strong> available alternative sources of f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g, nor can <strong>the</strong>y(when made aware) fulfill <strong>the</strong> general requirements (e.g. submission of bus<strong>in</strong>ess plan <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ancialforecasts) to access <strong>the</strong>se funds, as <strong>the</strong>y do not typically have <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess/management education.This is a def<strong>in</strong>ite area for public policy <strong>in</strong>tervention. One example of such policy <strong>in</strong>terventioncould be to offer <strong>SMEs</strong> a diagnosis <strong>and</strong> assistance package, tailored to <strong>the</strong>ir specific needs.Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia (2003), Jürgenson et.al. (2003), Eurostat (2004c), Polish Private Equity Association (2003)77
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Sylvia Schwaag SergerEmily HanssonC
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About the International Organisatio
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PREFACEAccession to the Single Mark
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enterprise development. There are n
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BOXESBox 1: The ‘Knowledge-Based
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INTRODUCTIONAfter more than 10 year
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CHAPTER 1: FROM STABILISATION TO IN
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increased competitive pressure as B
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Box 2: On Innovation and Innovation
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Table 5: GDP Growth 1995-2003 in Se
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Table 7: Relative Strengths and Wea
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- Page 57 and 58: Some interesting examples of cluste
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- Page 67 and 68: LITHUANIAAgency/OrganisationLithuan
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- Page 101 and 102: REFERENCESAlfonso, Antonio, Ludger
- Page 103 and 104: European Commission (2003f), Compre
- Page 105 and 106: Eurostat (2004a), SMEs in the Candi
- Page 107 and 108: Statistical Office of Estonia (2004
- Page 109 and 110: APPENDIX I:Agenda for Working Group
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- Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX IV:Summary of the Panel se
- Page 119 and 120: Regarding the role of policymaking,
- Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX V:Description of Field Stu
- Page 123 and 124: Mr. Miroslaw MarekMr. Talis Millers
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