) Stimulat<strong>in</strong>g private sector R&D (both <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g out R&D)c) Promot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational cooperation on R&D3. Improv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ability to transform knowledge <strong>in</strong>to products <strong>and</strong> servicesa) Improv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> function<strong>in</strong>g of capital markets <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘capital supply cha<strong>in</strong>’• Set up a task force for “f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>novative <strong>SMEs</strong>”, consist<strong>in</strong>g of high-level representativesfrom policymak<strong>in</strong>g, bus<strong>in</strong>ess sector, fi nancial sector <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational experts, which is givena wide m<strong>and</strong>ate to analyse <strong>the</strong> shortcom<strong>in</strong>gs of capital markets when it comes to enabl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>development <strong>and</strong> growth of <strong>in</strong>novative <strong>SMEs</strong>• Based on <strong>the</strong> recommendations of <strong>the</strong> taskforce, undertake reforms, if necessary, of taxationsystems, legal structures or o<strong>the</strong>r ‘framework conditions’ that might account for some of <strong>the</strong>problems of capital supply• Based on <strong>the</strong> recommendations of <strong>the</strong> taskforce, exam<strong>in</strong>e possibilities for sett<strong>in</strong>g up publicprivateventure capital funds, streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g provisions for pre-seed <strong>and</strong> seed fund<strong>in</strong>g,improv<strong>in</strong>g f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g facilities for <strong>SMEs</strong> <strong>in</strong> general <strong>and</strong> for <strong>in</strong>novative <strong>and</strong>/or high-tech <strong>SMEs</strong><strong>in</strong> particular• Create or streng<strong>the</strong>n bus<strong>in</strong>ess angel networks <strong>and</strong> activitiesb) Streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g human capital (education systems, labour markets, competencies <strong>and</strong>particularly <strong>the</strong> need for upgrad<strong>in</strong>g competencies with<strong>in</strong> <strong>SMEs</strong>, etc.)c) Improv<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>kages <strong>and</strong> cooperation between <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>and</strong> academia4. Streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> will<strong>in</strong>gness to <strong>in</strong>novate (<strong>and</strong> grow)a) Rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> general awareness of <strong>in</strong>novation policy <strong>and</strong> of its importance for economic growth<strong>and</strong> competitivenessb) Promot<strong>in</strong>g cluster<strong>in</strong>g (aga<strong>in</strong>, this does not necessarily mean f<strong>in</strong>ancially support<strong>in</strong>g specificclusters)c) Promot<strong>in</strong>g entrepreneurship (through policies aimed at rais<strong>in</strong>g awareness, through<strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g entrepreneurship <strong>in</strong>to secondary school <strong>and</strong> university curricula, etc.)d) Exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>centive structures affect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>novation <strong>and</strong> entrepreneurship (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g possiblefiscal <strong>in</strong>struments for <strong>in</strong>novation)90
CHAPTER 5:A VISION OF A NORDIC-BALTICINNOVATION REGIONThe Nordic countries are widely regarded as world leaders as far as <strong>in</strong>novation <strong>and</strong> technologypolicies are concerned. They generally rank highly both <strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>in</strong>vest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g useof new technology. At <strong>the</strong> same time, however, <strong>the</strong> Nordic countries are currently fac<strong>in</strong>g a numberof structural challenges – an age<strong>in</strong>g population, a high <strong>in</strong>cidence of sick leave among <strong>the</strong> work<strong>in</strong>gpopulation, fragmented labour markets, high reliance on <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g mobile tax bases for susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>glarge public sectors, <strong>and</strong> problems with <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> significant number of foreign-born <strong>in</strong>habitants<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> workforce – which pose serious potential threats to <strong>the</strong> stability <strong>and</strong> viability of <strong>the</strong>ir socialwelfare systems <strong>and</strong> economic development <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> com<strong>in</strong>g decades. In addition, on average, <strong>the</strong>Nordic countries, with <strong>the</strong> exception of F<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong>, appear to receive relatively low returns on <strong>the</strong>ir<strong>in</strong>vestments <strong>in</strong> R&D <strong>in</strong> terms of economic growth <strong>and</strong> job creation.Both <strong>the</strong> Baltic <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nordic countries are look<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>novation policy as pivotal for tackl<strong>in</strong>g<strong>the</strong> structural challenges fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir economies. In addition to <strong>the</strong>ir common search for <strong>in</strong>novationpolicy solutions <strong>and</strong> close traditional cultural l<strong>in</strong>ks, <strong>the</strong> Baltic <strong>and</strong> Nordic countries share many o<strong>the</strong>rpriorities <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terests: <strong>the</strong>y are striv<strong>in</strong>g for susta<strong>in</strong>able economic development around <strong>the</strong> Baltic <strong>and</strong>North Seas, <strong>the</strong>y are generally small, open economies (with <strong>the</strong> exception of Pol<strong>and</strong> which has a largedomestic market), <strong>the</strong>y have close commercial ties with each o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> tend to have a well-educatedlabour force.Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong>re are numerous <strong>in</strong>dications, firstly, of complementarities <strong>and</strong> synergy potentials of<strong>the</strong> economic strengths of <strong>the</strong> countries border<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Baltic Sea, <strong>and</strong>, secondly, of l<strong>in</strong>kages between<strong>the</strong>se countries’ <strong>in</strong>novation systems. In light of <strong>the</strong>se factors, <strong>and</strong>, given <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> East-Westdivision of Europe, <strong>the</strong>re is now a historic opportunity to lay <strong>the</strong> framework conditions that willenable <strong>the</strong> Baltic Sea region to become an economically strong, highly <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>and</strong> dynamic region,characterised <strong>and</strong> connected by regional specialisation processes, cross-border clusters <strong>and</strong> publicprivatepartnerships, <strong>and</strong> large foreign direct <strong>in</strong>vestment flows.Summ<strong>in</strong>g up, <strong>the</strong>se two areas with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baltic Sea region st<strong>and</strong> to benefit significantly fromexchang<strong>in</strong>g policy views <strong>and</strong> experiences regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>novation <strong>and</strong> enterprise development, <strong>and</strong> fromdiscuss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> agree<strong>in</strong>g on common <strong>in</strong>itiatives <strong>and</strong> policy solutions for streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>novationsystems <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> overall competitiveness of <strong>the</strong> Nordic <strong>and</strong> Baltic Sea countries. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, suchcooperation will streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> regional economic <strong>in</strong>tegration of <strong>the</strong> Nordic/Baltic Sea area <strong>and</strong>enable cont<strong>in</strong>uous synergy effects between <strong>the</strong>se two regions.Baltic <strong>and</strong> Nordic Countries – Similarities <strong>and</strong> DifferencesThe Baltic <strong>and</strong> Nordic countries share a number of common <strong>in</strong>terests, strengths <strong>and</strong> challenges. At <strong>the</strong>same time, <strong>the</strong>re are also some noteworthy differences <strong>in</strong> factors regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> affect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>novation<strong>and</strong> enterprise development.As regards similarities, both country groups tend to be characterized by small domestic markets (with<strong>the</strong> exception of Pol<strong>and</strong>), <strong>and</strong>, consequently, dependency on external markets for sell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir goods<strong>and</strong> services, particularly when it comes to high-tech or highly specialised products (see Table 22).91
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Sylvia Schwaag SergerEmily HanssonC
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About the International Organisatio
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PREFACEAccession to the Single Mark
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enterprise development. There are n
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BOXESBox 1: The ‘Knowledge-Based
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INTRODUCTIONAfter more than 10 year
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CHAPTER 1: FROM STABILISATION TO IN
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increased competitive pressure as B
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Box 2: On Innovation and Innovation
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Table 5: GDP Growth 1995-2003 in Se
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Table 7: Relative Strengths and Wea
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Box 3: The Indicator ProblemExistin
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CHAPTER 2:BALTIC SMEs - AGENTS OF F
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Table 9: Average Annual Growth of S
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Box 4: Overview of Selected Multina
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The Role of SMEs in Transitional Ec
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e to the potential advantage of the
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- Page 101 and 102: REFERENCESAlfonso, Antonio, Ludger
- Page 103 and 104: European Commission (2003f), Compre
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- Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX IV:Summary of the Panel se
- Page 119 and 120: Regarding the role of policymaking,
- Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX V:Description of Field Stu
- Page 123 and 124: Mr. Miroslaw MarekMr. Talis Millers
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