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Icon - ResearchSpace@Auckland - The University of Auckland

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And ask them what it is we dread to be (2.2.150-2, 178-79).Manfred tells the witch that his quest depends upon communing with the dead, and hethen acknowledges that he can do such a thing himself, and so does it. Making use <strong>of</strong>Arimanes and Nemesis, he arranges his interview with Astarte. After returning fromthat conversation, he describes himself as having found the Kalon, and changed hisstate:<strong>The</strong>re is a calm upon me –Inexplicable stillness! which till nowDid not belong to what I knew <strong>of</strong> life (3.1.6-8).His power is insufficient to solve his problems, and yet his knowledge brings him toAstarte, and bringing him to Astarte leads to his problem being solved. <strong>The</strong>knowledge, then, while not being in itself the solution to his problems, is instrumentalin allowing him to reach that solution, while at the same time generally leading tosorrow. While the representation <strong>of</strong> knowledge in this drama tends towards thenegative, it is not unrelentingly so: knowledge is useful, but flawed.MortalityMortality in Manfred comprises not just the finitude <strong>of</strong> a human life, but the entireimperfection <strong>of</strong> existence: not merely being doomed to die, but being doomed to fail.<strong>The</strong> manifestation is never as pure as the ideal. Thus, for example, Manfred initiallycomplains to the Witch <strong>of</strong> the Alps that his great magical powers are unable to solvethe problem which he faces,my sciences,My long pursued and super-human art,Is mortal here – I dwell in my despair (2.2.147-9).259

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