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of the world, it is the home of faith. The religion of CHP is an essentially Romanticone: an idealised image of faith, and of God, existing as a pure value which, while anacknowledged product of the mind, is no less capable of providing escape from andeven transcendence of the decaying world. This religion is not fully articulated, andyet it is consistent throughout the four cantos, and is further reflected in Byron’s otherpoems.79
Don Juan: the Virgin IdealOwing largely to the perceived impropriety of the poem, Don Juan had a rathercomplex publication history. John Murray published the first two cantos in 1819, butwithout the Dedication, which did not appear until 1832, or the Preface, which did notappear until 1901, and with numerous omissions from the cantos themselves. CantosIII, IV, and V were published by Murray in 1821. John Hunt published most of therest: VI to XIV in three instalments in 1823, XV and XVI in 1824. XVII, theunfinished canto, was not published until 1903, in E H Coleridge’s Collected Worksedition. 121The cause of the omissions, and of the change of publisher, was the potential forscandal in the work, and Murray’s fears were somewhat justified by the contemporaryreaction. If Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage was the work which made Byron famous,Don Juan did much to seal his infamy.Like CHP, Don Juan discourses upon religion in a variety of contexts, but thereligious aspects of the poem have generally been slighted by modern critics, albeitwith more justification here. The general consensus is that the poem is a satire, andthus that it “ridicules […] all the finer sensibilities and ideals”, 122 necessarilyincluding religion. In Marchand’s words, Byron’s “ridicule of cant, political,religious, sexual, and social, is the most persistent theme in Don Juan. 123 The ridiculeis so persistent and so powerful that, as Ryan notes, along with Cain, Don Juan “tomany readers offered conclusive evidence of Byron’s infidelity and even atheism”. 124Marshall follows this same line, peculiarly claiming that Don Juan “is not satire, for itultimately offers, in its description of the absurdities of the real, no suggestion of theideal.” 125121 For these publishing details, see McGann 5.666, 715-6, 736-7, 762, 770.122 William J Calvert, Byron: Romantic Paradox (New York: Russell & Russell, 1962), p.187.123 Marchand, ‘Byronic Attitudes’, in Rereading Byron, ed. by Alice Levine and Robert N Keane (NewYork: Garland Publishing, 1993), 239-51: p.240.124 Ryan, p.123.125 Marshall, p.177. Satire often does not explicitly present the superior alternative, but its existence isnecessarily implicit in the judgement which makes satire meaningful. In Don Juan, the ideal is present.80
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AbstractAlthough Lord Byron’s poe
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NotesThe referencing of this thesis
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Introduction ......................
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IntroductionThe poetry of George Go
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nineteenth century, 6 and the power
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of Lord Byron (1978), and also the
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The Giaour as “a separate, disemb
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generations since, have been inclin
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The purpose of this study is to rec
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Although moral censure is consisten
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House of Lords on April 21, 1812, f
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For the British Review, William Rob
Page 30 and 31: [Harold], and the moral to be deduc
Page 32 and 33: not merely a difference of opinion,
Page 34 and 35: noting that it would have been “m
Page 36 and 37: Part of the meaning of the poem’s
Page 38 and 39: The TextOne of the initial question
Page 40 and 41: deliberate movement away from a foc
Page 42 and 43: The most recurrent proximate source
Page 44 and 45: understanding, nor yet favour to me
Page 46 and 47: Nature: “Age shakes Athena’s to
Page 48 and 49: Religion is further questioned as t
Page 50 and 51: Our life is a false nature - ’tis
Page 52 and 53: the fallen world, and separation fr
Page 54 and 55: epeatedly throughout the poem, a si
Page 56 and 57: idolatrous course: “Three hosts c
Page 58 and 59: Earth paved like Heaven (3.50.444-9
Page 60 and 61: egarding “Wahab’s rebel brood w
Page 62 and 63: The Greeks also - a kind of Eastern
Page 64 and 65: Idol, saint, virgin, prophet, cresc
Page 66 and 67: Is’t not enough, unhappy thing! t
Page 68 and 69: Christ! it is a goodly sight to see
Page 70 and 71: “thunder, and flame” of the thu
Page 72 and 73: As haunts the unquench’d soul - p
Page 74 and 75: e called reflective; for dogmatic f
Page 76 and 77: Of mortal bondage, by these spirits
Page 78 and 79: Thou glorious mirror, where the Alm
Page 82 and 83: Religion itself does not play a maj
Page 84 and 85: Its poetical merits have been extol
Page 86 and 87: The Poet’s DefenceMuch of the sca
Page 88 and 89: what the Writer says of D[on] J[uan
Page 90 and 91: Our hearts first in the depths of L
Page 92 and 93: Since Kinnaird was not Murray, the
Page 94 and 95: His reference to their Christianity
Page 96 and 97: Juan lays claim. The claim of the s
Page 98 and 99: factor in all of them is the unlimi
Page 100 and 101: Further, in reasserting the role of
Page 102 and 103: common view of the proper role of a
Page 104 and 105: But though I am a temperate theolog
Page 106 and 107: I don’t pretend that I quite unde
Page 108 and 109: It is such incongruities between th
Page 110 and 111: (1.194.1546-7) for his interests, m
Page 112 and 113: You have freed the blacks - now pra
Page 114 and 115: as a moral warning to guard against
Page 116 and 117: Perpetual Virginity. At this point,
Page 118 and 119: this I heard her say, and can’t b
Page 120 and 121: could refer to Jesus’ own bloody
Page 122 and 123: classes. The exhortation, while fac
Page 124 and 125: it does not support Christian exclu
Page 126 and 127: As Hell - mere mortals who their po
Page 128 and 129: particular, and so “Turk” is in
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Consistently, war is damned by a co
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ead your Bible, sir, and mind your
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the steward reduces someone’s deb
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Don Juan includes a questioning of
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This is one of the passages which t
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accept more readily the inconclusiv
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You bind yourself, and call some mo
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By those who sow them in a land tha
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The agnosticism of Don Juan is unsy
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Notably, the poet does not repeat t
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So Cuvier says; - and then shall co
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This view of Creation as diminution
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Universe universal Egotism!That all
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Notably, it is the ‘ideal’ whic
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might occur here below. Much the sa
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nor wholly mortal, and the Virgin M
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championed in the House of Lords. A
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so that even when he pray’dHe tur
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To claim that it is wit based on de
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If we were told suddenly that Canto
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The Eastern Tales: Islam versus Chr
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Byron’s use of Turkish and Arabic
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Religious and Ethnic TensionEurocen
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[….]Gloom is gathered o’er the
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discrimination absent from his sour
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Muslims may be included amongst the
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culture.” 283 It is worth noting,
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It is to be observed, that every al
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Christian apologists nearly every t
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the description of the scene surrou
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On its table still beholdThe cup of
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Whereas the Turkish troops are bloo
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“conditional immortality”, in w
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The immortal virgins appear again i
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expression of it is, in part, merel
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This is a far more politic represen
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their much more limited value: toys
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unusual, or at all specific to his
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Gulnare to die painfully than to be
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eating the fruit. Genesis describes
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fails to fit in with his ideals, an
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(C 3.8.301), but this, too, is miti
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and them as devils. Nonetheless, th
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factor. The struggle between determ
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Notably, for his despair to be stro
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In pain, my faltering tongue had tr
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Ere his very thought could pray,Una
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Satan, appears in the work of a few
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It is worth noticing, too, that alt
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Conrad is about to attack Seyd, and
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ut the Christian narrator is in no
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another spice of wickedness. Furthe
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despite the many pages which Sale d
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etween Manfred and Astarte. 378arti
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on the same level as Manfred, and s
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dropped from “a dreadful height
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May light upon your head (3.4.48-50
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out of heaven, /Where thou art not
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possibly a reference to someone lik
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genuflection. In part, this may be
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comments about the nature of this u
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the one who delivers this curse, es
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In Genesis, in the middle of the ga
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And ask them what it is we dread to
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clay again” (2.2.78-9). The Witch
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DespairOne of the contemporary obje
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need punishment, as he himself come
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Manfred refers to “the Maker” a
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dead?”, presenting support for th
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Viewing himself as the cause of her
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Every reader will be struck with th
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Which makes you tremble - by the cl
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he is no Prometheus but a Prometheu
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Devil to resist. This displaces the
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describes it as “Byron’s comple
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a few feeble declarations of the wo
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to one another. 455 Contemporary cr
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nothing to do” (McGann 5.297:72-3
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much about one or the other? They c
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While the reversal (peripeteia) and
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lasphemy, all must fall prostrate b
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It is useful to consider that Lucif
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Innumerable, more endurable,By the
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The prospect’s partner enters, an
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poet: the assumption is that the ch
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knowledge. When Cain has said that
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she says that God has told them tha
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These exchanges, along with the ref
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topic in which he is only losing gr
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Him makes thee mine the same. (1.1.
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following him will prevent Adah’s
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Cain’s primary interest is the sa
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The immediately evident difference
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Cain’s eventual realization by 2.
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wife in cursing his son (3.1.448).
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Thy guide hath done thee evil (3.1.
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GodWith the contemporary responses
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Cain, “thou art evil” (2.2.220)
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Lucifer attempts to answer it by an
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answer to the question: 525 in gene
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ADAH:thy God is alone; and is he ha
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The reception of the two dramas has
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orthodox viewpoints. Raphael is con
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The versions in Heaven and Earth co
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No, not to save all earth, were ear
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It is also reminiscent of the Genes
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of Calvinism: as Ray Stevens notes,
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degree than their actions thus far.
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DogmatismThe dogmatism of the chara
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while Noah claims to not be judgeme
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Then dieWith them!How dar’st thou
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He appears, at first, to have been
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[…]blessed be the Lord (1.3.883-4
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cataclysm in which everyone else wi
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the criticism of the unorthodoxy of
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ConclusionThere is a reverent impat
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are vicious bigots, and its God is
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This radical reinvention of religio
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not the triumphantly outreaching se
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