ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

Introductionto Jane’s Strategic Weapon Systems, or Jane’s DefenseEquipment Library.Although EEIS contains overview of significant historicalperiods and events, for those readers interested inadditional information regarding the history of espionageoperations and biographies of intelligence personnel, theeditors recommend Jeffrey T. Richelson’s A Century ofSpies : Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (Oxford UniversityPress, 1995), Vincent Buranelli and Nan Buranelli’sSpy/Counterspy: An Encyclopedia of Espionage (New York:McGraw-Hill, 1982), and Allen Dulles’, The Craft of Intelligence(New York: Harper & Row, 1963).The articles in EEIS are meant to be understandableby anyone with a curiosity about topics in espionage,intelligence, and security matters, and this first edition ofthe book has been designed with ready reference in mind:❚ Entries are arranged alphabetically. In an effort tofacilitate easy use of this encyclopedia, and to attemptorder in a chaotic universe of names and acronymsthe editors have adopted a “common use”approach. Where an agency, organization, or programis known best by its acronym, the entry relatedto that organization will be listed by the acronym (e.g.FEMA is used instead of Federal Emergency ManagementAgency). To facilitate use, the editors haveincluded a number of “jumps” or cross-referencedtitles that will guide readers to desired entries.❚ To avoid a log jam of terms starting with “Federal”and “United States,” titles were broken to most accuratelyreflect the content emphasized or subject ofagency authority.❚ “See Also” references at the end of entries alert thereaders to related entries not specifically mentionedin the body of the text that may provide additional orinteresting resource material.❚ An extensive Glossary of terms and acronyms isincluded to help the reader navigate the technicalinformation found in EEIS.❚ The Chronology includes significant events related tothe content of the encyclopedia. Often accompaniedby brief explanations, the most current entries daterepresent events that occurred just as EEIS wentto press.❚ A Sources section lists the most worthwhile printmaterial and web sites we encountered in the compilationof this volume. It is there for the inspired readerwho wants more information on the people and discoveriescovered in this volume.❚ A comprehensive general Index guides the reader totopics and persons mentioned in the book. Boldedpage references refer the reader to the term’s full entry.❚ The editors and authors have attempted to explainscientific concepts clearly and simply, without sacrificingfundamental accuracy. Accordingly, an advancedunderstanding of physics, chemistry, or biochemistryis not assumed or required. Students andother readers should not, for example, be intimidatedor deterred by the complex names of biochemicalVIIImolecules—where necessary for complete understanding,sufficient information regarding scientificterms is provided.❚ To the greatest extent possible we have attempted touse Arabic names instead of their Latinized versions.Where required for clarity we have included Latinizednames in parentheses after the Arabic version. Alas,we could not retain some diacritical marks (e.g. barsover vowels, dots under consonants). Because thereis no generally accepted rule or consensus regardingthe format of translated Arabic names, we haveadopted the straightforward, and we hope sensitive,policy of using names as they are used or cited intheir region of origin.❚ EEIS relies on open source material and no classifiedor potentially dangerous information is included. Articleshave been specifically edited to remove potential“how to” information. All articles have been preparedand reviewed by experts who were tasked withensuring accuracy, appropriateness, and accessibilityof language.❚ With regard to entries regarding terrorist organizations,EEIS faced a serious dilemma. For obviousreasons, it was difficult to obtain balanced, impartial,and independently verifiable information regardingthese organizations, nor could EEIS swell to incorporatelengthy scholarly analysis and counter-analysisof these organizations without losing focus on scienceand technology issues. As a compromise intendedto serve students and readers seeking initialreference materials related to organizations often inthe news, EEIS incorporates a series of supplementalarticles to convey the information contained in theU.S. Department of State annual report to Congresstitled, Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2001. These articlescontain the language, assertions of fact, andviews of the U.S. Department of State. Readers areencouraged to seek additional information from currentU.S. Department of State resources and independentnon-governmental scholarly publications thatdeal with the myriad of issues surrounding the natureand activities of alleged terrorist organizations. Anumber of governmental and non-governmental publicationsthat deal with these issues are cited in thebibliographic sources section located near the index.Key EEIS articles are signed by their authors. Briefentries were compiled by experienced researchers andreviewed by experts. In the spirit of numerous independentscientific watchdog groups, during the preparation ofEEIS no contributors held a declared affiliation with anyintelligence or security organization. This editorial policynot only allowed a positive vetting of contributors, butalso assured an independence of perspective and an emphasison the fundamentals of science as opposed tounconfirmable “insider” information.When the only verifiable or attributable source ofinformation for an entry comes from documents or informationprovided by a governmental organization (e.g., theU.S. Department of State), the editors endeavored tocarefully note when the language used and perspectiveoffered was that of the governmental organization.Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security