ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

CIA Directorate of Science and Technologyother programs. As of 2003, CSI posted articles from theunclassified, or non-restricted access version, at its Web site.In accordance with its mission of preserving intelligencehistory, CSI publishes collections of documentsfrom the Cold War, and conducts oral history projects. Italso makes historical records available to scholars andother members of the public. CSI’s conference and seminarprograms provide a forum for research and discussion,and serve to commemorate major events in therealm of intelligence. An outreach program to institutionsof higher learning promotes the teaching of intelligenceand related studies. Additionally, CSI sponsors CIA officers-in-residenceon selected college and universitycampuses.❚ FURTHER READING:ELECTRONIC:Central Intelligence Agency. ”Center for Studies of Intelligence.“ (January 17, 2003).SEE ALSOCIA (United States Central Intelligence Agency)United States Intelligence, HistoryIn researching his book on DS&T, The Wizards ofLangley (2001), intelligence scholar Jeffrey T. Richelsonaccessed a host of documents that were once highlysensitive, but are now declassified. He posted a number ofthese at a permanent Web site associated with the GeorgeWashington University National Security Archive. Onenotable early example from the collection is a November5, 1954, letter from Polaroid chief executive officer EdwinLand to Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Allen Dulles,urging him to develop a specialized aircraft that could flyat high altitudes and obtain ultra-high resolution photographs.From this letter and other early discussions wouldcome the U-2, developed at Lockheed’s Skunk Worksfacility in California.Other documents from the 1950s show early CIAplans for the deployment of the first spy satellites. At thattime, the Air Force had its own satellite project in theworks, but the CIA’s CORONA, launched in 1959, wouldprove much more successful, and would outlast the AirForce SAMOS program by a decade. Much less successfulwere CIA experiments with psychotropic drugs, includingLSD, during the period 1949–1963. Richelson excerpteda January 1975 memo, written just before the CIA becamethe target for a series of congressional investigations,detailing those experiments, including the infamousMKULTRA program.❚ JUDSON KNIGHTCIA Directorate of Scienceand Technology (DS&T)The Directorate of Science and Technology (DS&T) is oneof four directorates within the Central Intelligence Agency(CIA). It provides support to the CIA mission throughresearch, development, acquisition, and operation of technicalcapabilities and systems. DS&T also directs the ForeignBroadcast Information Service and the National PhotographicInterpretation Center (NPIC). Its most notablework, however, is its task as a “spy shop,” in which someof the most innovative surveillance technology in history—the U-2 and A-12 spy planes, or the KH-11 and othersatellites of the CORONA program—were first envisioned.Early HistoryFrom the earliest days of CIA, itself created in 1947, scientificand technological support has been an importantcomponent of the agency’s mission. The earliest ancestorof DS&T was the Office of Reports and Estimates, which inDecember 1948 merged with the Nuclear Energy Group ofthe Office of Special Operations to form the Office ofScientific Intelligence (OSI). The latter would remain theCIA’s principal scientific research laboratory until 1962.Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and SecurityThe 1960s. In 1962, OSI became the Deputy Directorate forResearch, whose name was again changed to DeputyDirectorate for Science and Technology in 1963. The directorateassumed its present name in 1965. During thisperiod, the agency developed the A-12 Oxcart, which,though successful, never equaled the U-2 for accuracy. Itssatellite programs continued to progress, yet as an NPICphotographic interpretation report from August 1962showed, even the KH-4 satellite did not offer imagery anybetter than that obtained by the U-2.A March 1967 memo, from which several details(including the recipient) were excised, provides an illustrationof the folly that sometimes befell DS&T. The memorandumdescribes a project known as “Acoustic Kitty,”whereby DS&T attempted to develop a mobile eavesdroppingplatform using a cat that had been surgically alteredby cutting it open, inserting batteries, and wiring its tail tobecome an antenna. The unfortunate creature was runover by a taxi before it could be trained for its mission.The 1970s. More indicative of DS&T’s involvement in cutting-edgetechnology was a report from a June 1971meeting of the president’s Foreign Intelligence AdvisoryBoard in which President Richard M. Nixon, along Land(still highly involved with the Intelligence Community)and others, discussed the idea of developing a satellitethat could return images in real time. Today, of course,such a concept is well known, but in an era when satellitesstill recorded images on film for viewing days or weekslater, the idea of a satellite that could instantaneously197