ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

Egypt, Intelligence and SecurityAn excellent introduction to the history of U.S. economicintelligence is: Philip Zelikow, “American EconomicIntelligence: Past Practice and Future Principles,” Intelligenceand National Security 12, no. 1 (January1997):164–177. I am indebted to Mr. Zelikow’s research forproviding background for this essay.❚ FURTHER READING:BOOKS:Katz, Barry M. Foreign Intelligence and Research andAnalysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1989.U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence.Economic Intelligence. Hearing, 103d Congress, 1st Session.Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1994.PERIODICALS:Ernst, Maurice. “Economic Intelligence in CIA,” Studies inIntelligence 28, no. 4 (Winter 1984): 1–16.SEE ALSOEconomic EspionageEgypt, Intelligenceand SecurityEgypt’s primary intelligence agency is the General Directoratefor State Security Investigations (GDSSI). The Ministryof the Interior administers the GDSSI. The agencycollects both foreign and domestic intelligence, usingcivilian and military operatives and resources. The GDSSImaintains several operational departments and partneragencies, including the Counterintelligence Branch, theDepartment for Combating Religious Activity, Directorateof State Security Investigations, and a security action unit.The agency cooperates with military and foreign intelligenceservices in operations intended to protect nationalinterests, especially relating to shipping, oil production,and refinement, and regional anti-terrorism measures.The organization has received criticism from human rightsgroups and members of the international community forits employment of harsh coercion techniques and conductingespionage on Egyptian citizens.The government and the individual branches of servicecoordinate military intelligence. The organization assessesthreats to national targets and actively protectsmilitary instillations. Operations of the Intelligence Agencyare classified.While Egypt has cooperated with European and Americananti-terrorist operations in the past, a recent politicalshift has prompted Egyptian authorities to withdraw frommany Western intelligence and security efforts in NorthAfrica and the Middle East. The rise of Islamist sects andterrorist groups in the region, as well as Egypt’s close tiesto neighboring Arab states, creates further diplomatictensions with Europe and the United States. AlthoughEgyptian intelligence agencies aided the United Statesintelligence community by providing information aboutthe Al-Qaeda terrorist network, many in the Egyptiangovernment opposed the United States led war in Afghanistanin 2001. Regardless, Egypt continues a liberal-usepolicy of its territorial waters for international shipping,including access to the Suez Canal.The Egyptian Constitution prohibits religious politicalparties, but over the past decade, a few Islamist militantorganizations have gained some political ground. In the1990s, Egyptian and United States intelligence forces conductedoperations to locate and capture Egyptian militantswho had fled the country and were basing possibleanti-government and terrorist operations abroad. The twonations successfully captured several suspects, but theEgyptian government garnered international criticism forhuman rights abuses, including poor treatment of theprisoners and the use of secretive military tribunals.SEE ALSOEnduring Freedom, OperationTerrorism, Intelligence Based Threat and Risk AssessmentsEichmann, Adolf:Israeli Capture❚ ADRIENNE WILMOTH LERNERKarl Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962) was the head of theGerman Gestapo Department of Jewish Affairs from 1941to 1945. During World War II, Eichmann oversaw thedeportation of European Jews to ghettos. In 1942, heorganized the Wansee Conference, a meeting of Naziofficials to devise the “Final Solution,” the Nazi euphemismfor the extermination of European Jews. Eichmannsupervised the creation and operation of death camps,and set Nazi policy on the seizure of Jewish property.Immediately following the war, he was identified as one ofthe primary Nazi war criminals sought by internationallaw enforcement and intelligence agencies.After his arrest and escape from an American internmentcamp in 1946, Eichmann assumed a variety of pseudonymsand moved throughout Europe, never contactinghis family. British and American intelligence searched forEichmann for a few months, but as the Nuremberg Trialsof other Nazi war criminals began, the focus of attentionshifted from Eichmann and other escapees. The onset of376 Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security