ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

Document Forgeryoperation at the Brooklyn facility. Similarly, at the trash-toenergyfacility in Utah, a closed circuit television system,along with security guards, provides surveillance duringthe unloading and burning process.❚ FURTHER READING:PERIODICALS:Brown, Ken. “When Enron Auditors Were on a Tear.” WallStreet Journal. (March 21, 2002): C1.Choi, Audrey. “VW Discloses GM Documents WereDestroyed—German Car Maker Denies Involvement,But Rival Still Claims Espionage.” Wall Street Journal.(August 9, 1993): A3.“Document Destruction.” Government Executive 30, no. 8(August 1998): 58.Eichenwald, Kurt. “Andersen Charged with Obstruction inEnron Inquiry.” New York Times. (March 15, 2002): A1.Kirch, John F. “Document Destruction.” Security Management42, no. 8 (August 1998): 22–23.Orey, Michael. “Why We Now Need a National Associationfor Data Destruction.” Wall Street Journal. (January30, 2002): A1.Rowh, Mark. “Shredders: The Cutting Edge.” Office Solutions19, no. 8 (September/October 2002): 42–44.ELECTRONIC:National Association for Information Destruction. (March 30, 2003).Trujillo, Al. “Avoid Risk with Secure Document Destruction.”Electronic and Hardcopy Document ProcessingTechnology. December 2002. (March 30, 2003).SEE ALSOComputer and Electronic Data, DestructionEconomic EspionagePrivacy: Legal and Ethical Issues❚ MARTIN J. MANNINGDocument ForgeryThe use of forgeries to deceive an enemy or affect publicopinion has been a staple of disinformation throughoutmodern history. Forgeries can be more easily exposedthan other types of active deception measures largelybecause careful analysis can often demonstrate convincinglythat the documents are fraudulent. Still, forgery iseffective in at least three ways. First, a forgery can castaspirations on targeted governments and on individuals(silent forgery). This can be the most damaging forgery, asthe victim does not know that the forgery is being circulatedand may never get the opportunity to refute it.Second, forgeries, when publicized, force the target governmentto spend time, effort, and funds on refutation.Third, denial never entirely offsets the damage done asdoubt can be cast by repeated reference to the forgery andto its contents.Cadore letter. On August 5, 1810, Jean, Duc de Cadore, aFrench foreign minister, delivered a diplomatic note to theUnited States minister John Armstrong. In it, Napoleon Ipromised to revoke the Berlin and Milan Decrees in November,1810, if the British Orders-in-Council were repealed,or if the United States reinstated sanctions against GreatBritain. The latter happened and non-intercourse againstthe British resumed on February 28, 1811. The Cadoreletter turned out to be a forgery. American ships continuedto be sized and President James Madison refused tochange his decision with regard to the British embargo.De Lome letter. Written by the Spanish minister to the U.S.,Enrique de Lome, to a friend in Havana, the letter waspublished in William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journalin February, 1898. It characterized President WilliamMcKinley as ”weak and a bidder for the admiration of thecrowd“ and questioned McKinley’s political integrity. Thisprivate letter was stolen by a Cuban rebel sympathizerfrom the Havana mail system and returned to New York.The publication of the letter uncovered the false promiseof Spain’s foreign policy towards the U.S. In its wake, DeLome immediately resigned, Spain sent an insincere apology,and McKinley let the incident pass, although it ignitedAmerican opinion toward future Cuban intervention.”Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion.“ No country,however, has used forgeries as extensively as the SovietUnion, developing forgeries to a level unparalleled inprevious times. For the Soviets, forgeries were a weaponof active measures (i.e., influence operations) that supportedpropaganda themes. The KGB had the responsibilityfor carrying out active measures and producing forgeries.Describing the role of the KGB in influencing attitudesin the West, Yuri Andropov, then head of KGB, said in1967, ”The state security bodies are also actively participatingin the fulfillment of this task. The workers of thesebodies are aware that peaceful coexistence is a form ofclass struggle; that it is a bitter and stubborn battle on allfronts, economic, political, and ideological. In this fight,the state security bodies are obliged to carry out theirspecific duties efficiently and faultlessly.“ These Sovietstate security bodies built upon the activities of the czaristsecret police (Okhrana,) who produced one of history’sclassic forgeries.Among the most widely circulated propaganda tractsand the centerpiece of anti-Semitic literature, the infamous”Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion“ appearedshortly before the 1905 uprising against the Czar NicholasII of Russia. It was authorized by Pyotr IvanovichRatchkovski, the head of the Okhrana, who circulated it,although authorship is now given to Mathieu Golovinski.The forgery derived from a French political pamphlet,344 Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security