ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

China, Intelligence and Securitysecurity. A second committee the Consejo Asesor Político-Estratégico (CAPE), or Strategic Political Advisory Council,monitors defense planning and external security threats.In the Chilean government, the executive branch hasconstitutionally granted control over the nation’s military,intelligence, and police agencies. However, this powerwas severely checked by constitutional reforms in 1990.The Carabineros and various military branches are nowmore autonomous and the president must appeal to hisNational Security Council, Cosena, to remove and replaceheads of the various departments and services.Constitutional and governmental reforms enactedsince the early 1980s have radically altered Chilean intelligenceand security agencies. As past abuses and atrocitiesare investigated and brought to light by the internationalcommunity, especially following the 1999 arrest and detainmentof Pinochet on charges of human rights crimes,current Chilean intelligence agencies seek to distinguishthemselves from the reputation of their predecessors,despite continuing to hold similarly broad powers withlimited legal and administrative restraints.❚ FURTHER READING:BOOKS:Collier, S., and W. F. Sater. A History of Chile, 1808–1994,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.ELECTRONIC:The Government of Chile. (14 January 2003).China, Intelligenceand SecurityChina is the last communist-dominated world power. Thenation reserves veto power on the United Nations SecurityCouncil, and is a declared nuclear power. Althoughcensorship and restricted civil liberties persist in China,citizens have witnessed a gradual ease of economic andsocial restraints. Poverty remains an endemic problem,causing an exodus of people from rural areas into alreadyovercrowded cities. In response, the government prohibitedmoving between regions and towns without expresspermission. With the transfer of Hong Kong from Britishcontrol to Chinese administration in 1997 and the adventof the Internet, the Chinese economy, media, and societyhave been permeated by Western influences.In Asia, Chinese politics cast a shadow over smallersatellite states, most especially North Korea. In 2003,Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and SecurityNorth Korea reactivated a nuclear reactor and announcedthat it possessed the capabilities to produce nuclear weaponsand intercontinental ballistic missiles. The developmentarose international suspicion that North Korea receivednuclear materials and technology from its closestally, China. The Chinese government denies aiding NorthKorea, and maintains that it adheres to global non-proliferationefforts. The Chinese intelligence community, however,is reluctant to share information about North Koreawith Western nations, especially the United States.China’s main intelligence agency is the Ministry ofState Security (MSS). The Communist Party of Chinadominates the Chinese government, especially the intelligencecommunity. Political espionage within China, andon Chinese citizens, is endemic. Government reforms in1983 created the MSS, restructuring the Chinese intelligencecommunity and revising the mission of its predecessoragency to account for technological advances inintelligence tradecraft. The MSS utilizes human, signals,remote, electronic, and communications intelligence in itsvaried operations. The main mission of the MSS is toprotect national interests and preserve government stability.However, the MSS also aggressively targets UnitedStates and European businesses and factories in a broadcampaign of industrial and economic espionage.Chinese military intelligence is divided into operationaldepartments that fall under the administration ofthe central government and individual branches of themilitary. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), China’s defenseforce, maintains trained intelligence, counterintelligence,and security forces. The operations of these forcesare highly secret, but most operations deal with domesticand regional threats to the government. PLA intelligencealso guards military instillations and key assets in thenation’s nuclear weapons program. The PLA Navy has itsown intelligence force, concentrating on surveillance atsea, signals, and communications intelligence. The PLAAir Force’s intelligence forces are known as the SixthResearch Institute. Sixth Research conducts intelligenceoperations similar to other military and civilian organizations,but is also the primary agency for aerial surveillance.The Second Intelligence Department focuses on foreignintelligence and espionage against rival nations. Inaddition to monitoring foreign diplomats and foreign interestswithin China, the agency also conducts politicalsurveillance of Chinese diplomats abroad. Recently, theSecond Intelligence Department received a new mandateto work with the MSS to increase industrial, economic,scientific, and technological espionage efforts, especiallyin Western nations.Throughout China there are municipal, regional, andnational police forces. The Ministry of Public Securityadministers the national police force. A military trainedpolice force, Unit 8341 General Security Regiment, providessecurity for government buildings and personnel,and conducts counterintelligence and anti-terrorism operations.The special police force and intelligence unit ismaintained by the General Staff Department.189