ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

CIA, Center for the Study of Intelligenceit furnished spy plane photos showing Soviet missileemplacements in Cuba, evidence Kennedy used duringthe Cuban Missile Crisis. Following Kennedy’s assassination,President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed fellow TexanWilliam F. Raborn, Jr., who had little background in intelligence.In June 1966, Raborn’s DDCI, Richard McGarrahHelms, took the leadership position.Helms vigorously prosecuted the CIA’s secret wars inVietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, yet struggled with Johnsonand President Richard M. Nixon over their demands toconduct domestic intelligence campaigns. Nixon fired himin February, 1973, and after a six-month period in whichJames R. Schlesinger led the agency, William E. Colbybecame DCI. Colby’s was a difficult tenure, as the CIAcame under intense scrutiny from journalists and committeesin Congress.Colby retired in January 1976, and was replaced byfuture President George H. W. Bush, who put his supportbehind improvements in satellite technology. When JamesE. Carter became president, he replaced Bush with AdmiralStansfield Turner, who continued Bush’s emphasis onintelligence collection via satellite. Turner sought to distancethe agency from its old practices, and covert operationsdeclined dramatically under his leadership.From the 1980s to the present. The inauguration of a newpresident, Ronald Reagan, in January 1981 brought with ita new DCI, William J. Casey. Under Casey, a veteran ofU.S. intelligence in World War II, the CIA’s budget, size,and influence grew enormously. Casey directed funds andarms to rebels fighting Communist regimes in both Afghanistanand Nicaragua, and became heavily involved in theIran-Contra affair. How great that involvement was maynever be known, in part because Casey died on January29, 1987, during the congressional investigation.William H. Webster, who served as FBI director from1978 to 1987, succeeded Casey as DCI and served for fouryears. Under Robert M. Gates, a former DDCI of longstanding, the CIA redirected its efforts from a Cold Warorientation and toward a focus on issues such as nonproliferation,terrorism, and drug trafficking. During the tenureof R. James Woolsey, appointed in 1993, the CIA cameunder criticism with the exposure of Aldrich Ames, a molefor the Soviet Union and later Russia, who had operatedwithin of the agency for many years.Woolsey resigned in January 1995, and John M.Deutch replaced him. Deutch, who held the position forless than two years, was the first DCI to serve on thepresident’s cabinet. In July 1997, George J. Tenet becamethe fifth DCI in just six years. Though Tenet’s leadershipstyle has won praise from observers of the IntelligenceCommunity, the CIA as a whole came under criticism forperceived intelligence failures prior to the September 11,2001, terrorist attacks. In the wake of those events, theagency has placed a renewed emphasis on human intelligence,or the gathering of intelligence from human sources.❚ FURTHER READING:BOOKS:Andrew, Christopher M. For the president’s Eyes Only:Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency fromWashington to Bush. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The CIA and American Democracy.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.Kessler, Ronald. Inside the CIA: Revealing the Secrets ofthe World’s Most Powerful Spy Agency. New York:Pocket Books, 1992.Prados, John. President’s Secret Wars: CIA and PentagonCovert Operations Since World War II. New York: W.Morrow, 1986.Richelson, Jeffrey T. The U.S. Intelligence Community,fourth edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.———. The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorateof Science and Technology. Boulder, CO: WestviewPress, 2001.ELECTRONIC:Central Intelligence Agency. (April24, 2003).Central Intelligence Agency. Federation of American Scientists. (April 24,2003).SEE ALSOCIA, (CSI) Center for the Study of IntelligenceCIA Directorate of Science and Technology (DS&T)CIA, Foreign Broadcast Information ServiceCIA, Formation and HistoryCIA, Legal RestrictionDCI (Director of the Central Intelligence Agency)HUMINT (Human Intelligence)IMINT (Imagery Intelligence)Intelligence CommunityIntelligence, United States Congressional OversightIran-Contra AffairNIC (National Intelligence Council)President of the United States (Executive Command andControl of Intelligence Agencies)SIGINT (Signals Intelligence)United States, Intelligence and SecurityCIA (CSI), Center for theStudy of IntelligenceThe Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) of the UnitedStates Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a reference andresource center for scholars and others studying the historyand practice of intelligence disciplines. According toCSI’s mission statement, the center “seeks to promotestudy, debate, and understanding of the role of intelligencein American society.” This it accomplishes by anumber of means, including publications, conferencesand seminars, the maintenance of historical records, and196 Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security