ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

CIA, Foreign Broadcast Information Servicerelay images to a ground station seemed farfetched. InDecember 1976, the vision discussed at this meeting wasrealized with the deployment of the KH-11 satellite.Once again, documents selected by Richelson illustratejuxtaposition of scientific triumph with less successfulundertakings. Even as KH-11 was being born, DS&Tundertook experiments in “remote viewing,” or the use ofpurported psychic knowledge to explore targets of interestthat could not be glimpsed by ordinary means. Accordingto a December 1975 report from Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory, remote viewers “saw” a number of objectsthat, as shown by satellite photography, were not at thesite in question. After the end of the Cold War, Americanscientists visiting the site discovered that it was beingused to develop a nuclear-powered space rocket and not—as remote viewers had supposed—for underground nucleartests.DS&T TodayInformation about more recent DS&T activities is necessarilyscanty, but these details from the first 30 years ofCIA science and technology illustrate the breadth of activitieswith which it was associated in the past. As of 2003,the DS&T is tasked with collecting, assessing, and exploitinginformation to assist the agency in the execution of itsmission by applying innovative scientific, technical, andengineering solutions to critical intelligence matters.The workforce of DS&T incorporates some 50 differentdisciplines, ranging from computer scientists to engineersto linguists. These specialists develop, design, evaluate,and deploy highly specialized equipment intended toprovide the United States with a significant advantage inintelligence and special operations.DS&T is involved in a whole range of functions thatsupport the entire intelligence cycle. These activities includecollecting information and materials of intelligencevalue from foreign open sources, developing and deployingcollection systems against the most challenging intelligencetargets, supporting the National ReconnaissanceOffice in creating efficient satellite systems, providingstate-of-the-art technologies for the clandestine collectionof intelligence, and researching and developing advancedtechnologies to provide and maintain an advantage forthe United States. In pursuit of these activities, DS&T in2001 developed In-Q-Tel, a nonprofit corporation intendedto seek information technology solutions to critical needsfaced by CIA as a whole.❚ FURTHER READING:BOOKS:Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri, and Christopher M. Andrew. EternalVigilance? 50 Years of the CIA. Portland, OR: FrankCass, 1997.Richelson, Jeffrey T. The U.S. Intelligence Community,fourth edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.———. The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorateof Science and Technology. Boulder, CO: WestviewPress, 2001.PERIODICALS:Goodman, Melvin A. “Science at the CIA.” Issues in Scienceand Technology 18, no. 3 (spring 2002): 90–93.Mooney, Chris. “Spy Tech.” The American Prospect 13,no. 2 (January 28, 2002): 39–41.Prados, John. “Understanding Central Intelligence.” Bulletinof the Atomic Scientists 58, no. 2 (March/April2002): 64–65.ELECTRONIC:Directorate of Science and Technology. Central IntelligenceAgency. (April 24, 2003).Richelson, Jeffrey T. Science, Technology and the CIA.National Security Archive, George Washington University. (April 24, 2003).SEE ALSOAntiballistic Missile TreatyAviation Intelligence, HistoryBiochemical Assassination WeaponsCIA (United States Central Intelligence Agency)CIA, Foreign Broadcast Information ServiceDual Use TechnologyMovies, Espionage and Intelligence PortrayalsPhotographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), United StatesNationalPseudo Science Intelligence StudiesPsychotropic DrugsSatellites, SpyU-2 Spy Plane❚ MARTIN J. MANNINGCIA, Foreign BroadcastInformation ServiceThe Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) is thepre-eminent collector of open source information for theUnited States government; it collects, translates, and disseminatesforeign open source material for U.S. Governmentuse. It started as the Foreign Broadcast MonitoringService (FBMS), established in the Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC) by a presidential [Franklin D.Roosevelt] directive on February 26, 1941, to monitor,record, transcribe, and analyze foreign broadcasts. TheFBMS was organized after assistant secretary of stateBreckinridge Long became concerned about the possibleloss of diplomatic reporting and other information if thewar in Europe caused American embassies to close. Longsuggested radio as a supplemental source of intelligence198 Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security