ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

CPNBKnott, Stephen F. Secret and Sanctioned: Covert Operationsand the American Presidency. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1996.Marshall, Jonathan, Peter Dale Scott, and Jane Haapiseva-Hunter. The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams andCovert Operations in the Reagan Era. Boston: South EndPress, 1987.Prados, John. President’s Secret Wars: CIA and PentagonCovert Operations since World War II. New York: WilliamMorrow, 1986.Richelson, Jeffrey T. The U.S. Intelligence Community,third edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.SEE ALSOBay of PigsChurch CommitteeCIA (United States Central Intelligence Agency)Vietnam WarCPNB (Chemical and Biological NationalSecurity Program).SEE NNSA (United States National Nuclear SecurityAdministration).CribA crib is a section of an encoded or enciphered messagethat can easily be rendered into plain text, thus providing atool whereby a skilled cryptanalyst can crack the entirecode or message. A famous example of a “crib” fromoutside the world of espionage is the Rosetta Stone, usedto translate Egyptian hieroglyphics.Essentially a thank-you note from a group of priests toa magnanimous king, the stone was addressed to thesecond-century B.C. ruler Ptolemy V, who, like all thePtolemies, spoke Greek rather than Egyptian. Therefore,the priests sent the note in Greek, as well as in hieroglyphicsand demotic, a simplified version of hieroglyphicwriting. Thus the French archaeologist Jean-FrançoisChampollion, who studied the Rosetta Stone in the earlynineteenth century, was able to translate the Greek portion,and from this crack the code first of demotic, and thenof hieroglyphics.Any time a force sends out a message whose contentis predictable to the enemy, this offers an opportunity for aresourceful cryptanalyst to find a crib. Thus, when theGerman high command in World War II sent greetings toAdolf Hitler every April 20—the Fuhrer’s birthday—it wasfairly easy for Allied cryptanalysts to guess the gist of themessage. This would have been so no matter how carefullyit had been enciphered or encoded, but the Germanssometimes made things even easier by sending the samemessage in plain text.❚ FURTHER READING:BOOKS:Kahn, David. Kahn on Codes: Secrets of the New Cryptology.New York: Macmillan, 1983.Konheim, Alan G. Cryptography: A Primer. New York:Wiley, 1981.Lubbe, J. C. A. van der. Basic Methods of Cryptography.New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Newton, David E. Encyclopedia of Cryptology. Santa Barbara,CA: ABC-CLIO, 1997.SEE ALSOADFGX CipherCryptology, HistoryCrime Prevention,Intelligence AgenciesThe relationship between law enforcement agencies suchas the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and intelligenceis straightforwardly recognized, as exemplified bythe fact that the FBI is regularly involved in intelligenceand counterintelligence activities. Less obvious, however,is the interaction between operations such as the CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA) and crime prevention or lawenforcement. Although most activities of intelligence organizationsare by definition secret, it is at least possible todiscern the outlines of a positive correlation betweenintelligence and crime prevention activities. In the case ofpolice states and terrorist organizations, the relationshipbetween intelligence and crime prevention—or, for covertoperations in enemy countries, intelligence and the promotionof crime—is even easier to demonstrate.Totalitarian societies and radical movements. One of themeans to appreciate the interaction between intelligenceand/or covert operations on the one hand, and crimeprevention on the other, is to observe the example oftotalitarian nations and the radical movements associatedwith them. In nations such as those of the Soviet blocbefore the end of the Cold War, the presence of an intelligence-gatheringentity such as the KGB was so pervasivethat it had the side effect of virtually minimizing ordinarycrime. While in the last two decades of the Soviet era, the280 Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security