ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...

Carter Adminstration, United States National Security Policysuccessful that they are now employed in many airportsand also at bus stations, border crossings, and ports. Thedogs are trained both to detect the drugs and then to alertauthorities, either by pawing at the surface near the locationof the smell or by sitting down next to the source. Thisbehaviour usually provides the authorities with a validcause to search luggage or vehicles.Trained detection canines were introduced into Americanpublic schools in Texas in the 1980s. The concept soonbecame popular and widely used as a tool for increasedsafety and as a drug deterrent on campuses. Thus, drugand narcotic detection are today an important aspect ofschool security. Also, because of the increasing danger ofviolence in schools, weapons and contraband detectionalso plays a role in the promotion of school safety. Dependingupon the school or business, a program of regularcanine visits is developed to detect illegal substances orweapons. Typically, everyone is informed about the pendingvisit of a sniffer dog and in most cases, the dogs areallowed to meet the students and employees beforehand.Subsequently, the dogs are brought in with a handler on arandom, unannounced basis and perform “spot checks”on designated areas.Some dogs are specially trained to detect the acidicsmell of nitroglycerin and the sulphur in gunpowder forwork with explosives detection. Fire investigators usearson dogs to help in criminal investigations. These canineslocate minute traces of gas or other flammable liquids insituations where arson is suspected. Arson dogs are trainedin such a way that they can accurately detect traces ofarson about the size of a thousandth of a drop, which ismuch more efficient than any commonly used electronicdetection device.In 2002, it was reported that scientists at Russia’s DSLikhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritageand Environmental Protection successfully bred anew kind of highly efficient sniffer dog. The new breed is across between a wild jackal and a Russian husky. Thebreeding program was started in 1975, and in 2002, theinstitute successfully produced hybrids that were a quarterjackal and three-quarters husky. These hybrids werebred to combine the very sensitive nose of the wild,scavenging jackal with the more benign temperament ofthe husky. The jackal has a sense of smell that is evenkeener than that of its domestic counterpart. It was reportedthat many dog species are losing their naturallysharp sense of smell through domestication. Huskies areused as the domesticated breed in this program becausethey have a better developed sense of smell than all otherdog breeds. This is because they are adapted to severeconditions of arctic cold where many substances becomenon-volatile and exist in only a highly diluted form. Thiscrossing of highly sensitive canines has produced a breedthat is now being used by authorities at Russian airports.By 2003, some twenty-five of the dogs were employed atSheremetyevo Airport, Moscow and ten more were workingat the forensic criminology examination departmentnearby. Their handlers reported that, aside from theirsharp sense of smell, the jackal hybrids were also highlycourageous and expert at crawling into the tightest corners,especially during the inspection of aircraft.❚ FURTHER READING:BOOKS:Tonry, Michael Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishmentin America. Oxford University Press, 1996.PERIODICALS:Charles Mesloh, Ross Wolf and Stephen Holmes. “A PilotStudy of the Confounding Effects of ‘Jute’ on LawEnforcement Canine Training.” Journal of the Academyof Canine Behavioral Theory 1 (2002): 2–9.ELECTRONIC:United States Department of Agriculture. “The AQI Programat Airports.” (February 20, 2003).SEE ALSOAirline SecurityDrug Control Policy, United States Office of NationalCAPS (Computer Assisted PassengerScreening System).SEE IBIS (Interagency Border Inspection System).Carnivore Program.SEE Internet Surveillance.Carter Adminstration(1977–1981), United StatesNational Security Policy❚ CARYN E. NEUMANNWhile President Jimmy Carter notably became the firstpresident to label access to Middle Eastern oil as a vitalsecurity interest, his single term in office is widely viewedwith skepticism in terms of national security. Carter’smicro-management and concomitant power struggleswithin the administration did little to arrest the sharpdecline in American power and influence that occurred inthe 1970s.Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security165