ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Volume ...
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EPAgovernment. Research at the facility is coordinated by theScience <strong>and</strong> Technology (S&T) Directorate of the Departmentof Homel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Security</strong>. EML scientists are an integralpart of the nation’s radiological incident emergency responseplans.As a federal laboratory, EML supports the UnitedStates Department of Energy (DOE) National <strong>Security</strong>objectives. EML responsibilities include monitoring internationalcompliance with nonproliferation treaties. EML isa part of the Homel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Security</strong> Monitoring Network(HSMN) <strong>and</strong> is also an official U.S. Radionuclide Laboratorywith facilities dedicated to support of the InternationalMonitoring System.EML programs are designed to develop <strong>and</strong> trainpersonnel in instruments <strong>and</strong> technologies capable ofdetecting radioactive substances <strong>and</strong> identifying nuclearthreats. EML has advanced programs in radiation surveyplanning, radiological monitoring <strong>and</strong> assessment, <strong>and</strong>radiation measurements (including dosimetry measurements).EML also hosts high resolution gamma sensors<strong>and</strong> equipment dedicated to measuring environmentalradiation <strong>and</strong> radioactivity.Unique EML research capabilities include the abilityto generate atmospheric conditions that allow experimentalevaluation of instrumentation. EML scientific programsinclude collaborative research with global meteorologicalgroups dedicated to developing more accurate atmosphericmodeling programs. Since the Cold War, EML hasmaintained the International Environmental InternationalEnvironmental Sample Archive (IESA), a collection of atmospheric<strong>and</strong> other environmental samples containingisotopes present in the atmosphere during periods whennations still engaged in atmospheric testing of nuclearweapons. These samples can be used to test currentsamples for signs of nuclear testing <strong>and</strong> are a part ofnonproliferation monitoring. The samples can also allowquantitative <strong>and</strong> qualitative st<strong>and</strong>ardization of monitoringinstrumentation.As part of HSMN implementation, EML scientistsconstructed a prototype monitoring platform on top theGSA building in New York city that is capable of detectingradiological anomalies. Radiation levels can be measuredby instruments utilizing a pressurized ionization chambers(PIC), comprehensive radiation sensors (CRS), <strong>and</strong>direct analysis of trapping filters via high-resolution gamma-rayanalysis. The instruments are capable of distinguishingbetween natural radioactive sources <strong>and</strong> artificialor man-made sources.EML programs include surface, air, <strong>and</strong> high altitudesampling programs, soil <strong>and</strong> sediment sampling programs,<strong>and</strong> fallout measurement programs.EML scientists have developed particulate collectionsystems that utilize sodium iodide gamma detectors, <strong>and</strong>RAMPSCAN, a highly portable battery-operated gammaradiation detector.Other EML facilities include pulse ionization chamberscapable of measuring radon levels, a gamma rayanalysis laboratory, <strong>and</strong> a thermoluminescent dosimeterreader facility.❚ FURTHER READING:ELECTRONIC:Environmental Measurements Laboratory. National <strong>Security</strong>. (March 16, 2003).United States Department of Energy, Office of Science.National Laboratories <strong>and</strong> User Facilities. (March 23, 2003).United States Department of Homel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Security</strong>. Research& Technology. (March 23, 2003).SEE ALSOArgonne National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryDOE (United States Department of Energy)Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)Los Alamos National LaboratoryNNSA (United States National Nuclear <strong>Security</strong>Administration)Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryPlum Isl<strong>and</strong> Animal Disease CenterS<strong>and</strong>ia National Laboratories❚ ROBERT G. BESTEPA (EnvironmentalProtection Agency)The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was foundedfor the specific purpose of protecting human health <strong>and</strong>safeguarding the natural environment. Until the establishmentof the EPA in 1970, there were no federal agencies orprograms designed to deal with environmental pollutionin the United States in a coordinated fashion. The EPA wasassigned the unenviable task of reversing pollution thatresulted from many years of unregulated environmentalpractices that preceded the establishment of the EPA.Even before its inception as an agency within thefederal government, it was recognized that no single entitycould govern all practices <strong>and</strong> activities that had significantpotential impact on the environment. Thus, theEPA was designed as an interactive agency providingdirection, oversight, <strong>and</strong> assistance to many other agencies<strong>and</strong> groups whose activities bear directly <strong>and</strong> indirectlyon the quality of the air, water, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>.The EPA provides advice to the president of the UnitedStates on matters of environmental policy, <strong>and</strong> is chargedwith the responsibility of establishing <strong>and</strong> enforcing laws410 Encyclopedia of <strong>Espionage</strong>, <strong>Intelligence</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Security</strong>
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