Hindi - Himachal Pradesh

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6. Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribes and OtherBackward classes. Constitutional safeguards for Schedule Tribes and Scheduled Caste andScheduled Castes. Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of moderndemocratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals andweaker sections. Emergence of ethnicity, tribal movements and quest for identity. Pseudotribalism.7. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.7.1 Impact of Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and other religious on tribal societies in India(Before 1947, After 1947).7.2 Tribe and nation state- a comparative study of tribal communities in India and othercountries.8. History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribaldevelopment and their implementation. Role of N.G.Os.8.1 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development in India.8.2 Contribution of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism ethnicand political movements.BOTANYPAPER-II) Biology and diversity of lower plants or Cryptogams [(Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bryophytesand Pteridophytes], Microbes/Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Palaeobotany: Algaeand Fungi: Classification, Distribution in West Himalayas and India, Economicimportance, Structure and Reproduction of algae and fungi. Life histories of Nostoc,Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Chara, Vaucheria, Dictyota,Batrachospermum, Synchytrium, Pythium, Phytophthora, Albugo, Rhizopus,Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillum, Morchella, Ustilago, Puccinia, Agaricus andAlternaria. Comparison between algae and fungi. Lichens: General account of lichens andtheir economic importance. Microbes/Microbiology: Structure, Classification,Reproduction, Physiology and Mode of infection of Viruses and Bacteria. Role ofmicrobes in agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control. Plant Pathology:Symptoms, mode of infection and control of important fungal, bacterial and viral diseaseswith special reference to diseases common in Himachal Pradesh. Molecular basis ofinfection and disease resistance. Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungaltoxins. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes: Classification, Distribution in West Himalayasand India, Economic importance, Structure and Reproduction of bryophytes andpteridophytes. Evolution of gametophyte and sporophyte in Bryophytes. Evolution ofstelar system, Apogamy, Apospory, Heterospory and Seed habit in Pteridophytes. Lifehistories of Riccia, Marchantia, Pellia, Porella, Anthoceros, Sphagnum, Funaria,Polytrichum, Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum, Adiantum and Marsilea. Comparisonamong Archegoniatae. Palaeobotany: Introduction to palaeobotany, some basic principlesand techniques. Short account of fossil algae, Naiadita, Rhynia, Asteroxylon,Lyginopteris and Pentoxylon.II) Biology and diversity of Phanerogams or Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms andAngiosperms): Comparison among Tracheophytes. Distribution of Gymnosperms andAngiosperms in West Himalayas and India. Life histories of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum.Morphology and Anatomy: Tissues and Tissue systems. Meristems. Morphology and
III)anatomy of root, stem and leaf. Structure of Vascular Cambium and its role in wood andbark formation. Normal and anomalous secondary growth (Dracaena, Tinospora,Boerrhavia and Nyctanthes). Structure of wood and bark. Embryology: Structure ofanther and ovule. Development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination.Fertilization and Development of Seed. Development and function of Endosperm. Patternsof Embryo development. Polyembryony. Apomixis. Applications of Palynology inangiosperms. Taxonomy: Principles of nomenclature, classification and identification.Modern Trends in Taxonomy. Classification of Gymnosperms. Comparative account ofvarious systems of Angiosperm classification. Salient features of the following familiesCycadaceae, Pinaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae, Ranunculaceae,Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Rosaceae, Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Euphorbiaceae,Rutaceae, Malvaceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae(Labiatae), Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae), Liliaceae, Orchidaceae andPoaceae (Graminae).Plant Resources Utilization, Economic and Ethno Botany, Plant Breeding andBiostatistics: Plants as sources of Food, Fibers, Wood/Timber, Drugs, Oils, Latex/Rubber,Paper, Starch, Beverages, Spices and Condiments, Gums and Resins, Tannins and Dyes,Insecticides. Ornamental plants. Biomass as a source of energy. Energy plantations.Importance of Ethno-botany in Indian context. Underexploited/Underutilized Plants[Winged or Goa Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus); Jojoba or Hohoba (Simmondisachinensis), Guayule or Wuyule (Parthenium argentatum), Leucaena or Subabul (Leucaenaleucocephala) and Triticale (Triticosecale)]. A general account of Edible Wild Plants.Origin of cultivated plants. Centers of origin. Methods and Modes of reproduction inrelation to breeding self pollinated, cross pollinated, vegetatively propagated andapomictic plants. Introduction, Selection and Hybridization (pedigree, backcross, massselection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. A general account ofInbreeding depression and Heterosis; Exploitation of Hybrid Vigour; Production ofHybrids, Composites and Synthetics. Uses of genetic engineering, polyploidy, mutationsand apomixes in plant breeding and crop improvement. Role of cell and tissue culture inpropagation and enrichment of genetic diversity. Plant breeding techniques in wheat, rice,sugarcane and cotton only. Biostatistics: Mean, Median, Standard deviation andCoefficient of variation.PAPER-III) Environmental Biology (Plant Ecology, Plant geography, Principles of Biodiversity andConservation): Scope of Ecology. Biotic and abiotic components. Plant Communities.Plant Succession. Ecological adaptations. Biogeochemical cycles. Vegetation and ForestTypes of India with particular reference to Himachal Pradesh. Deforestation, Aforestationand Social forestry. Soil erosion, wastelands and reclamation. Environmental pollutionand its control including phytoremediation. Bioindicators. Global warming. Concepts ofBiosphere, Ecosystems, Biodiversity, in situ and ex situ Conservation, Endemism and Hotspots. Plant genetic resources and their importance. Factors contributing to the loss offorest biodiversity. IUCN categories of Threat and Red Data Books. Role of Botanicalgardens and Herbaria. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Sovereign rights andIntellectual Property Rights.
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Hindi - Himachal Pradesh

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