Hindi - Himachal Pradesh

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Nutrient cycling and budgeting. Herbaria-principle and its establishment. Grasslands-types inIndia and H.P., components of grasslands, methods to improve grasslands.Measurement of individual trees-diameter, girth, height, bark thickness, crown width,crown length, form, volume and biomass. Measurement of forest stands (crops)-height,diameter, age and volume. Forest inventory, types of sampling. Estimation of stand growth,canopy density, yield tables and their application. Introduction to remote sensing and itsapplication in forestry.History of forest development in India. Forest policy of 1894, 1952 and 1988. Forest Law,its necessity. Indian Forest Act, 1927. Forest Conservation Act, 1980.PAPER-IILogging and ergonomics-felling, conversion, transport, safety. Forest depots, saw milling,defects in wood. Wood seasoning. Wood preservation. Important wood characteristics: Wooddensity and strength. Wood based industries-Composite and improved wood, Pulp and paper,rayon, furniture. Forest Products-Oleoresin, katha and cutch, charcoal, tannin, gums, dyes,fibres & flosses, lac, wild fruits and oil seeds. Distribution, cultivation and utilization of pepper,cardamom, clove, Rauwolfia, Dioscorea, isabgol, belladonna, citronella grass, lavender,geranium, Mentha, Ocimum.General characteristics of fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma and phanerogames causingtree diseases. Important diseases viz., Ganoderma root rot of shisham and khair, Armillaria rootrot, Phytophthora root rot of deodar. Heart rots. Important characters of phylum, arthoropodaand class insecta. Insect-pest and disease management methods. Insect pests and diseases inforest nurseries and their management. Problems of weeds in forest nurseries and plantations.Weed control. Forest fires - their harmful and beneficial effects. Fire control methods. Firefighting devices and extinguishing chemicals. Modern methods of forest fire control.Principles of forestry extension education, adoption and differences of farm technology,communication methods, techniques of motivating farmers, farm women, NGOs, etc. Role ofvillage/rural institutions for rural development.Demand and supply analysis. Market structures and classification. Marketing of forestproducts and its role in economy. Cost-benefit analysis of forestry projects. Determination ofoptimal rotation of forest crops.Management of wildlife habitats–Principles, practices and tools. Protected area–Sanctuary, National Parks and Biosphere reserves. Wildlife damage control–Mitigating human–wildlife conflict. Endangered species of wildlife in Himachal Pradesh. Special projects forwildlife conservation–Project Tiger and Musk Deer Project. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972including amendments. Wildlife conservation – Principles and strategies, in situ and ex situconservation. Zoos and their role in conservation.GEOGRAPHYPAPER-IPRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHYSECTION A- PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYi) Geomorphology: Earth movements- orogenic and eperiogenic (folding and faulting),earthquakes and volcanoes, isostasy, Wegner’s theory of continental drift and platetectonics. Rocks- origin and composition, weathering, mass wasting, concept of cycle of
erosion, interruption in the cycle of erosion. Geomorphic agents and processes: Erosion,transportation and deposition- fluvial, glacial, aeolian, (arid), karst and coastal (marine)landscapes.ii) Climatology: Atmospheric moisture: Humidity, evaporation and condensation;hydrological cycle; types of precipitation, world patterns of rainfall. Air masses and fronts:concept, classification and properties. Atmospheric disturbance: tropical and temperatecyclones; thunderstorms and tornadoes. Climatic classification; Koppen’s classification.iii) Oceanography: Circulation of oceanic waters: waves, tides and currents; currents of theAtlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Marine deposits and coral reefs; Oceans as storehouseof resources for the future.iv) Environmental Geography: Man-environment interrelations with concept of eco- system.Utilization of natural resources and environmental hazards. Emerging environmentalissues- deforestation, global warning, conservation of bio-diversity.SECTION B- HUMAN GEOGRAPHYi) Population Geography: Demographic cycle concepts of over population, under populationand optimum population; population problems in developed and developing countries;Migration- causes, patterns (past and present) and consequence. Number, density, growthand distribution of population, population pressure and resource utilization. Populationexplosion and food security.ii) Economic Geography: Distribution and utilization of water, mineral and energy resources;their economic and environmental significance and conservation. Types and distributionof forests and fisheries- their economic and environmental significance and conservation.Major soil types and their distribution; problems of soil erosion and soil conservation.Mineral Resources- Iron ore and energy resources- coal and petroleum.iii) Rural and Urban Settlements: Definition, types and patterns of rural settlements, originand evolution of urban settlements; functional classification of urban places; trends,patterns and problems of urbanization in the world.PAPER-IISECTION A- GEOGRAPHY OF INDIAi) Physical Settings: India: A land of diversities; unity within diversities;A detailed study of physiographic divisions of India, drainage systems of India. Soil typesof India- their distribution and characteristics; vegetation types and their distribution.ii) Population and Agriculture: Spatial patterns of population distribution and growth; Socioeconomicimplications of population explosion. Major Agricultural Crops: Rice, Wheat,Cotton and Tea. Green Revolution and its impact; Problems of Indian Agriculture.iii) Minerals, Power Resources and Industries: The status of their use and need forconservation. Minerals- Iron ore, Power Resources- Coal, Petroleum and Hydro-power.Spatial patterns of Iron and Steel and Cotton Textile Industries, Industrial regions of India.iv) Geography of Himachal Pradesh: Geomorphology, Climate, Drainage, Vegetation,Hydropower and Horticulture.Physical Geology and Geomorphology:GEOLOGYPAPER-I
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Hindi - Himachal Pradesh

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