Hindi - Himachal Pradesh

III)anatomy of root, stem and leaf. Structure of Vascular Cambium and its role in wood andbark formation. Normal and anomalous secondary growth (Dracaena, Tinospora,Boerrhavia and Nyctanthes). Structure of wood and bark. Embryology: Structure ofanther and ovule. Development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination.Fertilization and Development of Seed. Development and function of Endosperm. Patternsof Embryo development. Polyembryony. Apomixis. Applications of Palynology inangiosperms. Taxonomy: Principles of nomenclature, classification and identification.Modern Trends in Taxonomy. Classification of Gymnosperms. Comparative account ofvarious systems of Angiosperm classification. Salient features of the following familiesCycadaceae, Pinaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae, Ranunculaceae,Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Rosaceae, Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Euphorbiaceae,Rutaceae, Malvaceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae(Labiatae), Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae), Liliaceae, Orchidaceae andPoaceae (Graminae).Plant Resources Utilization, Economic and Ethno Botany, Plant Breeding andBiostatistics: Plants as sources of Food, Fibers, Wood/Timber, Drugs, Oils, Latex/Rubber,Paper, Starch, Beverages, Spices and Condiments, Gums and Resins, Tannins and Dyes,Insecticides. Ornamental plants. Biomass as a source of energy. Energy plantations.Importance of Ethno-botany in Indian context. Underexploited/Underutilized Plants[Winged or Goa Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus); Jojoba or Hohoba (Simmondisachinensis), Guayule or Wuyule (Parthenium argentatum), Leucaena or Subabul (Leucaenaleucocephala) and Triticale (Triticosecale)]. A general account of Edible Wild Plants.Origin of cultivated plants. Centers of origin. Methods and Modes of reproduction inrelation to breeding self pollinated, cross pollinated, vegetatively propagated andapomictic plants. Introduction, Selection and Hybridization (pedigree, backcross, massselection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. A general account ofInbreeding depression and Heterosis; Exploitation of Hybrid Vigour; Production ofHybrids, Composites and Synthetics. Uses of genetic engineering, polyploidy, mutationsand apomixes in plant breeding and crop improvement. Role of cell and tissue culture inpropagation and enrichment of genetic diversity. Plant breeding techniques in wheat, rice,sugarcane and cotton only. Biostatistics: Mean, Median, Standard deviation andCoefficient of variation.PAPER-III) Environmental Biology (Plant Ecology, Plant geography, Principles of Biodiversity andConservation): Scope of Ecology. Biotic and abiotic components. Plant Communities.Plant Succession. Ecological adaptations. Biogeochemical cycles. Vegetation and ForestTypes of India with particular reference to Himachal Pradesh. Deforestation, Aforestationand Social forestry. Soil erosion, wastelands and reclamation. Environmental pollutionand its control including phytoremediation. Bioindicators. Global warming. Concepts ofBiosphere, Ecosystems, Biodiversity, in situ and ex situ Conservation, Endemism and Hotspots. Plant genetic resources and their importance. Factors contributing to the loss offorest biodiversity. IUCN categories of Threat and Red Data Books. Role of Botanicalgardens and Herbaria. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Sovereign rights andIntellectual Property Rights.