Hindi - Himachal Pradesh

CO 2 . Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bondstrength and bond length.3. Molecular spectroscopy:Rotational spectrum of rigid diatomic molecule, vibrational spectrum of simple harmonicoscillator, effect of isotopic substitution. Raman spectroscopy, stokes' and anti - stokes'Raman lines, and Raman shifts. Introduction and principle of resonance spectroscopy(nuclear magnetic, electron spin resonance techniques).4. States of matter:Gaseous State: Maxwell's law of velocity distribution among gas molecules. Equi partitionof energy. Equations of state for ideal and real gases. Vander Walls and Virial equationsof state, critical phenomena, principle of corresponding state, equation of reduced state.Liquefaction of gases, collision between gas molecules and mean free path. Solid State:Types of solids, law of constancy of interfacial angles. Crystal and their classification.Crystal lattice and unit cells. Imperfection in crystals. Laws of rational indices. Bragg'slaw of X-ray diffraction by crystals. Properties of solids: electrical, magnetic and thermal(only qualitative interpretation).5. Thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics:First law of thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems, states and processes, work heatand internal energy. Different types of work done on a system in reversible andirreversible processes. Calorimetry and thermochemistry. Enthalpy dependence ontemperature in physical and chemical processes. Joule - Thomson effect and inversiontemperature. Heat capacities of gases. Second law of thermodynamics and its applications:Spontaneity of a process, entropy and entropy changes in various processes. Free energyfunctions and their significance. Relation between equilibrium constant andthermodynamic properties. Statistical Thermodynamics: Configuration and weights.Canonical and grand canonical ensemble The molecular partition function.Thermodynamic information in partition function.6. Phase equilibria and solutions:Equilibrium between liquids solids and vapours of a pure substance. Clausius-Clapeyronequation and its applications. Phase rule and its applications for simple one component(water and sulfur) and two components (lead - silver, salt hydrates) systems. Raoult's andHenry's laws, fractional steam distillation. Phase diagram for partially miscible liquids.Partial molar quantities and their determination. Distribution law its modifications,limitations and applications.7. Colligative properties, ionic equilibria and electrochemistry:Dilute solution and colligative properties. Determination of molecular weights usingcolligative properties. Ions in solutions, ionic equilibria, dissociation constants of acidsand bases. Hydrolysis of salts. pH and buffers, theory of indicators. Conductivity of ionicsolutions, Ostwald dilution law and Kohlrausche's law. Transport number and itsdetermination (emf and Hittorf's methods only). Faraday's law of electrolysis and itsapplications, Galvanic cells measurements of their emf, cell reactions, standard cells andstandard reduction potential. Nernst equation (relation between thermodynamic quantitiescell emf) Fuel cells. Electrochemistry of corrosion and its protection. Introduction andprinciple of electro analytical techniques: voltametry, polarography, amperometry andcyclic – voltametryans ion – selective electrodes and their use.8. Chemical kinetics: