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●●well-related to the viewers. They looked to theprogramme-makers for this input, and somesuggested there was a dearth of good programmeideas.Most programme-makers identified deterrents togood programming in this area, including: thecommissioning structure, the cost of developingideas abroad, and the reluctance of commissioningeditors to consider programmes about thedeveloping world.Commercial pressure from advertisers discouragesglobal output. But programme distributors wouldlike to see more of this output, and fear thatbroadcasters may be eliminating audiences forinternational programming.4 DFID – July 2000
B. SummariesB.1.Content Study(Glasgow Media Group)B.1.1. SampleThe sample covers all main news programmes broadcaston networked terrestrial television channels in the UK,from 1 January to 31 March 1999. This included BBC1(The One O’clock News, The Six O’clock News, The Nine o’clockNews) and ITV (Lunch Time News, News at 5.40 and News atTen), Channel Four News, BBC2’s Newsnight and the twomain bulletins on Channel 5.Non-news programme output analysed over the sameperiod covered the terrestrial channels as well as somecable and satellite broadcasting in March 1999. Theresults of this are included in the detailed analysis ofindividual news stories and in the studies of non-newsoutput.The developing world was defined as all thosecountries outside Europe, North America, Japan,Australia and New Zealand and the countries of EasternEurope formerly within the Soviet ambit. These are listedin the Appendix.B.1.2. TV NewsB.1.2.1. General profileOf the 137 countries of the developing world there wasno discussion of or reference to 65 of them. A furthersixteen were mentioned only in the context of reportingsports events, visits from Westerners, wildlife orbizarre/quixotic stories (such as a round-the-worldballoon travelling over them).Overall, Channel Four News carried many more storieson the developing world than other programmes.Channel Four News and Newsnight were also much morelikely to cover stories outside the rather limited andnegative coverage of disaster, conflict and westernvisitors. Newsnight especially had a high proportion ofpolitical coverage. Although most of the news wasconcerned with recent events and tended to be limited toreporting visible activities, some news programmes didmake an effort to produce longer and more contextualspecial reports, giving the background necessary forunderstanding and sometimes providing positive storiesfrom developing countries.Other news programmes offered more limitedreporting of the developing world. About 80% ofChannel Five’s coverage featured conflict, disasters,western visitors and the bizarre. ITN’s lunch-time newswas only marginally different with over 75% of itscoverage on the same topics. The high level of sport onChannel Five was also noteworthy in the context of theChannel’s generally minimal level of coverage of thedeveloping world. BBC news tended to include lesspopulist coverage than the mainstream ITN bulletins.The BBC’s One O’clock News did however broadcast twiceas many disaster stories as the other BBC bulletins, butdid not provide contextual reporting of the aftermath ofthe events (in contrast to the Nine o’clock News), in theperiod of this sample.B.1.2.2. Case studiesA number of case studies were selected for detailedanalysis. Each was chosen because it was a typicalexample of the most frequent categories of TV newscoverage. The major categories were:● trade/finance (the banana war)● politics (Nigerian elections)● conflict/war/terrorism (killing of tourists in Uganda)● disasters/accidents (Colombian earthquake)A Newsnight special on education in Tanzania was alsoexamined, as well as BBC and ITN reports on the longtermeffects of, and responses to, Hurricane Mitch inCentral America.THE BANANA WARThe main focus of the coverage was on potentialconsequences of the dispute, with most emphasis placedon possible effects on British and European industry,and the potential for damage to the relationship betweenthe two Western trading blocks. The potential fordevastation of the economy of several Caribbeancountries was given less attention. The <strong>World</strong> TradeOrganisation (WTO) was referred to as the arbiter in thedispute, but there was very little discussion of the historyor role of this organisation. Only Sky News referred to thepossibility of job losses on both sides of the Atlantic. Thepower of multinational companies was referred to byChannel 4 and both BBC news channels in relation to therole of the American banana company Chiquita. No linkwas made between the power of the multinationals andtheir influence in the WTO. Following the initialcoverage of the dispute in March 1999, the story was notfollowed up, though a final decision had not been madeby the end of that year.DFID – July 2000 5
Page 1 and 2: issuesDFIDDepartmentforInternationa
Page 3 and 4: Introduction to the Three-Part Stud
Page 5 and 6: MethodologiesI. Content study condu
Page 7 and 8: III. Production study conducted by
Page 9 and 10: ContentsA. Key Findings 3A.1. Conte
Page 11: A. Key FindingsA.1.●●●●●
Page 15 and 16: ulletins, followed by aid/developme
Page 17 and 18: travel/adventure programmes in the
Page 19 and 20: EXERCISE 4: COMIC RELIEFGroups were
Page 21 and 22: Cookery programmes seemed to bring
Page 23 and 24: Content and Audience Studies(Glasgo
Page 25 and 26: events. Jamaica featured only in sp
Page 27 and 28: Comparing Figures 1, 2 and 3 shows
Page 29 and 30: Figure 6: BBC coverage of the devel
Page 31 and 32: and Newsnight were also much more l
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1: Number of references made
Page 35 and 36: Newscaster: Well of course they may
Page 37 and 38: A fifth possible consequence of the
Page 39 and 40: American accusations of discriminat
Page 41 and 42: the desire of the small scale farme
Page 43 and 44: industry in considerable detail. Th
Page 45 and 46: statement made. The wide range and
Page 47 and 48: C.2.2.3. The Presidential elections
Page 49 and 50: The Newsnight report on the electio
Page 51 and 52: work in the South. Nobody will allo
Page 53 and 54: fashion, but they are not allowed t
Page 55 and 56: attack. Sky News reported, ‘It is
Page 57 and 58: There is little explanation of why
Page 59 and 60: these thugs which stated that they
Page 61 and 62: differentiated continent, with many
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ambassador, Humberto De La Calle wa
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say the government is doing nothing
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of the violence and civil war which
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education. The reporter then linked
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A significant section of BBC1’s s
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Although a range of countries are i
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pop stars supported a big campaign
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discussion of the total so far achi
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We’ve had a number of Britons ove
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the introduction to the feature, wi
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with the question he posed at the e
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numerous references to the improved
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public opinion was adverse to it an
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have a vested interest in the judge
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family are about to leave Nigeria f
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had helped orphaned children in Uga
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There are 100,000 widows in Rwanda
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victims without engendering a total
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minimum payments and the totals mus
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Programme title Channel Date Destin
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into. Little background information
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TOURIST DEVELOPMENTThere is a disti
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Guide: I think that the mere fact t
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For many visitors this is their fir
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I was a third of the way through my
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inhabiting an isolated Mongolian vi
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well as its Southern tip. It was wi
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Six million people are crammed into
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magpie approach to the countries he
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Fiestas in Mexico have a unique exu
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concerned the hunting skills of bus
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traditional Peruvian culture and in
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HISTORYPinochet and Allende: The An
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Trailblazers where to varying exten
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D.1.3. Group discussionOnce the exe
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Dominican Republic for 14 nights al
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NATURAL HISTORY/WILDLIFEMost respon
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Moderator: Do you like Comic Relief
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1st: There’s only so much you can
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quarters of an hour to phone and th
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think of China as being quite an in
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selective (in relation to the issue
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1st: They haven’t even got an eco
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government would have to really get
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world as not much more than a serie
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F. Appendix: Countries of the devel
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G. Production Study (3WE)G.1.G.1.1.
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NEWSRichard Ayre, Deputy Chief Exec
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policymakers/commissioning editors
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G.2.2.6. Belief in regulatory prote
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gloomy, so we call our programmes
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“There may be more caution about
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what their audience wants and we le
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“Problems and issues have traditi
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“You still need substance, but no
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“The programmes aren’t of inter
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G.5.3. What does work on television
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“Pre-trailed news stories are bec
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“It seems that documentaries are
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H. ConclusionTelevision output that
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I. RecommendationsIt could therefor
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editors it has been pursued with in
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