On the Eastern side last night there was a tornado aroundby the Durban coast, but we’re in the sunshine – that’s theimportant thing.On Wednesday 20 January, he referred again to theadverse weather conditions:In Kwazulu Natal on Monday night a tornado killed20... on the North East side. But this is all the Cape ofGood Hope.TownshipsOn day two GMTV moved away from the beaches andtourist attractions for part of the programme, to visit thetownship of Soweto. This edition also included the onlyreference by the central presenter to the history ofapartheid in the country. Pointing to the stunning viewfrom the Table Mountain, he referred to the view ofRobbin Island, which he said has been described as themost notorious prison island, now a museum. “NelsonMandela was to serve a life sentence; he served 19 years,as did most of the present government.”Following from this, the female presenter took up herinvitation to lunch at the home of a black South Africanwoman. This item, which lasted approximately oneminute, was sandwiched between a canoeing/abseilingtrip and an elephant rescue park. The woman wasdescribed as:One of millions of black South Africans living intownships – a legacy of the apartheid years. Many don’thave electricity or running water. But as times change,they’re inviting tourists home, to educate and buildbridges.Further discussion of life in the townships followedwith the feature from Soweto, which was introduced asfollows:Twenty years ago I’d have been banned by thegovernment from coming to this place – they didn’t evenhave signposts telling where it is. Add the populations ofGlasgow, Birmingham and Manchester, and the total isprobably smaller. There are 3.5 million people in a placethey call a township. It is in fact the biggest city in Africa.Every day there is an exodus of humanity from Soweto –people leave on Zola Budds for the office blocks ofJohannesburg – the minibuses so called because of theirspeed. Just because they’re going to the office, most are notin managerial positions. Five years after Mandelacoming to power, only 11% of managers are black people.The presenter joined a Soweto resident, Isaac, whomakes a living as a tour guide in the area. He informedthat Isaac was involved in the student riots of 1976,which ‘led to Soweto’s name becoming synonymous withblack unrest.’ Isaac commented on the job situation:In terms of jobs, we’re seeing African being employed byother Africans, we’re seeing companies giving blacks anopportunity. We’re positive about changes.Isaac took the presenter to meet his aunt Daly in a‘typical township house’. In fact, she described it as goodhouse by Soweto standards. They then visit a much lesswell off area of Soweto. Keeping a distance, on advice thatit would be too dangerous to go into the area with theircameras, they filmed standpipes where local peoplegather water. A comment was made that although thereare no inside toilets and no running water, the childrenwear school uniform. This comment was accompaniedby shots of smartly uniformed township children. Headded that a lot of children get no education, describingthem as ‘a lost generation of youth.’ This comment wasfollowed by shots of young males playing football, whenFrizzell informed: “Sport gets them away from carjackingand burglary.”The visit to Soweto was concluded as follows:Despite the violent reputation and the raw deal they’vehad in the past, the Sowetans we met were friendly. Butmore than that, they were patient, waiting for Mandela’spromises of five years ago to come true.”While this report sympathetically portrayed thehardship faced by many of those living in South Africa’stownships, it remained the only significant representationof black South Africa.CrimeTowards the end of the week, the focus of GMTV inSouth Africa shifted again, with part of Thursday’sprogramme devoted to the issue of crime in the country.The question of security had been raised on the Monday,as the presenter advised, “People have questions oversecurity. The security forces tell us they’re on top ofeverything – we haven’t seen anything.” However, apresenter in the London studio said that viewers hadcontacted GMTV to ask for alternative information onthe country:Lots of people have been phoning wanting to see the otherside (of South Africa). We’ve seen the sun, we’ve seen thewonderful sites.The discussion on crime in South Africa was coveredby both presenters, one in Johannesburg to discuss theimpact of crime on residents who had settled fromBritain, while the other interviewed the manager of theWaterfront complex, scene of recent terrorist bombings.The continuing promotional theme was referred to in72 DFID – July 2000
the introduction to the feature, with a specific referenceto potential future visitors or settlers from Britain:Would South Africa’s shocking crime statistics put youoff? Martin talks to an English woman who’s had enoughand is packing up to go home....The security situationconcerns not only people who live here, but people wholive at home, who wish to relocate here, or travel out hereon holiday. We’ll discuss this today, because we’re goingto look at all mixes, eh, of life out here.The journalist in Johannesburg summarised theextent of crime in the area, including examples from hisown experience:Everyone has their own criminal anecdote. Theseminibuses for instance might as well have bullseyes onthem because they’re prime targets for carjackers. Lasttime I was here a few years ago, I had one for one and ahalf hours before it was stolen. This time round, my hotelroom was burgled last night...South Africa’s statisticianshave discovered, of the 25 most civilised countries in theworld, South Africa has the worst crime record.The programme featured a promotional video of arecently devised anti-hijack device, consisting of twoflame-throwers bolted to the chassis of a car. Followingthe statement on the crime crisis in the country, viewerswere then shown the white suburbs of Johannesburg,where many of the houses are surrounded by walls 15 to20 feet high:With a murder rate ten times that of Britain, the residentshave taken to compound life, protected by armed guards.High unemployment and low police wages are blamed,but crime has almost become endemic.A Mancunian who moved to South Africa 23 yearsearlier, was interviewed as a victim of crime, having beenrobbed, mugged and carjacked. She had decided toreturn to Britain because of the crime rate. The presenterthen walked around the suburb with another whiteSouth African victim of crime, until they came to NelsonMandela’s house. He commented:It’s gone too far for Mandela’s political opponents – everyweek now they protest outside his home. Mr. Mandela’sprotection is upfront (as a security guard approaches)....Mandela’s at home just now in the house behind us – he’snot done enough obviously. What does he have to do tohelp people like yourself? Get the army on to the streets?The journalist’s companion enthusiastically agreedwith the suggestion of a military response to thesituation. This concluded the discussion of crime inSouth Africa.SnapshotSnapshot was a three-part series shown on BBC1 inFebruary, going behind the scenes with people in thepublic eye at ‘key moments in their lives.’ The firstprogramme, screened on 8.2.99, accompanied actressHelen Mirren to South Africa to assess the effects onwomen and children of living in a violent society. The tripwas organised by the charity Oxfam, to witness thehuman cost of gun violence. Helen Mirren was filmed invarious locations in South Africa over a six day period. Incontrast to the discussion of violence in GMTV fromSouth Africa, which concerned only white people, thefocus here was entirely on the black community, asvictims, survivors and perpetrators of violence. InSnapshot there was some attempt to explore the roots ofviolence in the country, by setting it in the context of theextreme violence of the apartheid era. Secondly theviewer was informed of the conditions of hardship inwhich township people live, and the lack of resourcesavailable to stem the appalling level of violent crimethere. Against this background, there were examples ofblack communities successfully organising againstviolence, with Helen Mirren visiting Mapela, a gun freezone, and talking to workers involved in self-helpagencies, particularly POWA which assists rape survivors.By talking to and forming relationships with a range ofpeople in the townships, Snapshot presented a humanisedview of black South Africa which witnessed themajority struggling to live a decent life against the odds.The narrator introduced the programme by linkingthe ‘scars’ of apartheid with the grim crime statistics ofcurrent South Africa:The bloody struggle to bring down apartheid has leftterrible scars on South Africans. The legacy of thisviolence is a society where there are thirty murders a dayand thousands of rapes, muggings and car hijackingsevery week....People in the townships have seen so muchviolence that it has spilled over into home life – aggressionand guns are commonplace in families.As Helen Mirren travelled around, visiting a variety ofprojects and villages, she heard alarming descriptions ofthe level of violence perpetrated by a minority.There are more rapes at gunpoint in South Africa thananywhere else in the world.Day four was at Kwamashu outside Durban,described by the narrator as a ‘sprawling and lawlesstownship.’ Jenny Irish from Independent Monitors ofViolence commented:Kwamanshu is an incredibly violent area – the gangs areheavily armed and very well organised – operating inDFID – July 2000 73
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issuesDFIDDepartmentforInternationa
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Introduction to the Three-Part Stud
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MethodologiesI. Content study condu
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III. Production study conducted by
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ContentsA. Key Findings 3A.1. Conte
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B. SummariesB.1.Content Study(Glasg
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ulletins, followed by aid/developme
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travel/adventure programmes in the
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EXERCISE 4: COMIC RELIEFGroups were
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Cookery programmes seemed to bring
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Content and Audience Studies(Glasgo
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events. Jamaica featured only in sp
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Comparing Figures 1, 2 and 3 shows
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D.1.3. Group discussionOnce the exe
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Dominican Republic for 14 nights al
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NATURAL HISTORY/WILDLIFEMost respon
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Moderator: Do you like Comic Relief
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1st: There’s only so much you can
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quarters of an hour to phone and th
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think of China as being quite an in
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selective (in relation to the issue
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1st: They haven’t even got an eco
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government would have to really get
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world as not much more than a serie
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F. Appendix: Countries of the devel
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G. Production Study (3WE)G.1.G.1.1.
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NEWSRichard Ayre, Deputy Chief Exec
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policymakers/commissioning editors
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G.2.2.6. Belief in regulatory prote
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gloomy, so we call our programmes
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“There may be more caution about
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what their audience wants and we le
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“Problems and issues have traditi
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“You still need substance, but no
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“The programmes aren’t of inter
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G.5.3. What does work on television
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“Pre-trailed news stories are bec
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“It seems that documentaries are
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H. ConclusionTelevision output that
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I. RecommendationsIt could therefor
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editors it has been pursued with in