ConflictBarometer_2015

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ASIA AND OCEANIA pur Sahib city, Punjab. On June 4, 2,000 Sikhs protested in Jammu, J&K, against the removal of posters of the deceased Sikh activist Bhindranwale. The police killed one Sikh youth while protesters injured two policemen in a subsequent clash. After an attack on a police station in Gurdaspur district, the police took measures to increase security at the Nabha central jail, Patiala district, Punjab, in which several Sikh hardliners were imprisoned [→ India (Islamist militant groups)]. Furthermore, central and state intelligence agencies and Punjab Police announced to intensify the monitoring of Khalistan sympathizers. Statewide protests erupted after the alleged desecration of the holy Sikh book Guru Granth Sahib on October 5 at Bargar village, Faridkot district, Punjab. On October 11, the police injured 19 people by using canes and water cannon against protesters in Moga district, Punjab. One day later, the police killed one person and injured 27 people during demonstrations at Behbal Kalan village and Kotkapura town in Faridkot district. Protesters for their part injured 35 policemen in Kotkapura. Protests against police violence lasted until November. On November 1, a parliamentarian of the Indian National Congress party condemned SAD (Amritsar) president's demand for taking up the Khalistan-issue at the upcoming Sikh assembly Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar city on November 10. Three days after the demand had nonetheless been reiterated at the assembly, police arrested the event organizers, among them Singh Mann, on the charge of sedition. On November 20, Punjab government also cracked down on several Sikh online-appearances supposedly spreading seditious material. cch INDIA (ULFA-I ET AL. / ASSAM) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1979 Meghalaya)]. As a response to the killing of 64 Adivasi civilians by NDFB-S on 12/23/14 in Sonitpur and Kokrajhar districts, Assam, the government launched ''Operation All Out'' in late December 2014, deploying approx. 9,000 soldiers, paramilitaries, and policemen. In September, air force units joined the operation. The government cooperated with Bhutan in January and June and planned to cooperate with Myanmar in April in order to coordinate military operations against ULFA-I, NDFB-S, and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland Khaplang faction. In the course of the year, security forces killed 28 militants, arrested at least 231, and destroyed several arms depots and camps. The militants killed 19 security forces and injured 15. For instance, on May 18, security forces killed one KPLT militant in a shootout in Bhelughat, Karbi Anglong. On June 4, the UNLFW claimed responsibility for an ambush in Chandel district, Manipur state, in which 18 soldiers were killed and 15 injured. In the following week, Indian forces crossed the border to Myanmar and killed at least 15 militants, among them several ULFA-I members. On March 27, the government extended the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) to nine more districts of neighboring Arunachal Pradesh state, claiming the presence of militant groups from Assam and Nagaland. The AFSPA granted military personnel amnesty from judicial prosecution and provided special powers, for instance arrest without warrant. After the state government and civil society organizations had protested against the AFSPA, the government lifted the act in the additional nine districts on May 5. The pro-talk faction of ULFA (ULFA-PTF) continued peace talks with the government. cbo INDONESIA (ISLAMIST MILITANT GROUPS) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1981 Conflict parties: Conflict items: ULFA-I, ULFA-PTF, NDFB-S, KLO, KPLT, KNLA et al. vs. government secession Conflict parties: Conflict items: JAT, MIT, JI, Lintas Tanzim vs. government system/ideology The violent crisis over secession of various areas of Assam and West Bengal states between militias belonging to the Assamese, Bodo, Karbi, and Koch-Rajbanshi ethnic groups, on the one hand, and the government, on the other, continued. Most of the groups continued to operate from hideouts in the neighboring states Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar. While the Assamese United Liberation Front of Assam Independent faction (ULFA-I) strove for an independent socialist Assam, the other groups claimed territories inhabited by their kin in the respective states. Bodo organizations, including the National Democratic Front of Bodoland I.K. Songbijit faction (NDFB-S), demanded the Assam territory north of Brahmaputra river. Koch-Rajbanshi groups, such as the Kamtapur Liberation Organization (KLO), aimed at six districts in eastern West Bengal as well as four districts in western Assam, while Karbi militants, for example the Karbi People's Liberation Tigers (KPLT), claimed the Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of Assam. In late April, NDFB-S, ULFA-I, KLO, and another six ethnicbased militias from Nagaland and Manipur founded the United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia (UNLFW) [→ India (Manipur); India (NSCN factions et al. / Nagaland)]. Additionally, ULFA-I continued to conduct joint military training with the secessionist Meghalayan Garo National Liberation Army in Meghalaya state [→ India (GNLA et al. / The violent crisis between Islamist militant groups fighting for an Islamic state in Indonesia and the government continued. Throughout the year, violent encounters between militants and security forces resulted in 15 fatalities. Violence concentrated mainly on the island of Sulawesi, where the government launched a series of large-scale security operations and military exercises. The operations were accompanied by programs aimed at de-radicalizing imprisoned militants and tracking returners from the Islamic State militant group (IS) [→ Syria, Iraq et al. (IS)]. In addition, the government blocked 22 websites it accused of proliferating radical Islamism. Based on Press Release SC/12063, the UNSC announced the freezing of bank accounts of 20 members of the militant outfit Mujahideen Indonesia Timur (MIT). The US and the EU followed up by implementing financial sanctions and embargos against the same people and groups. As announced in 2014, the government proceeded with large-scale police operations in the region of Poso, Central Sulawesi province, to arrest militants suspected of cooperating with IS. With about 300 personnel from the police and the National Armed Forces (TNI) already in place, authorities deployed an additional 1,000 security forces with the launch of ''Operation Camar Maleo I'' on January 26. Initially scheduled to last until March 26, it was later followed up with operations Camar Maleo II, III, and IV, announced to last 142
ASIA AND OCEANIA until 01/09/16. The operations involved units from both the districts' and the provincial command, as well as a Mobile Brigade Corps and elements of counterterrorism unit Densus 88. While the operations continued, President Joko ''Jokowi'' Widodo authorized military exercise Anoa Laut in Poso, involving approx. 3,200 TNI soldiers and lasting from March 22 to April 3. Government officials declared that it served as a training exercise and a security measure for the sailing parade Sali Tomini. On March 31, then-Commander of the TNI Moeldoko announced that a battalion of 700 soldiers would remain stationed in Sulawesi as a Quick Response Strike Force to support police raids if necessary after the military exercise had ended. During operations ''Camar Maleo IIV'', the police arrested at least 27 suspected militants in Sulawesi accused of connections to MIT and supporting IS. In total, the operations led to 14 fatalities in Sulawesi, among them six militants, two security personnel, and six civilians. Throughout the year, police seized small weapons, ammunition, and explosive devices in Sulawesi and Jakarta. Outside of Sulawesi, police officers killed one militant in a shootout in Kediri, East Java province, on January 16. The following month, suspected IS-supporters launched a bomb attack in a shopping mall in the capital Jakarta, causing light damage. Police and Densus 88 arrested at least 29 people, among them 24 on the island of Java and five on the island of Nusa. On November 22, MIT leader Abu Warda Santoso published a video on Facebook calling for attacks on police headquarters and the presidential palace in Jakarta. As a consequence, government officials increased the security personnel and raised the security alert from low to medium. In December, the National Police, supported by security agencies from Australia, Singapore, and the US, detected an alleged suicide attack plot planned for New Year's Eve. The government subsequently increased the security alert to the highest level for the entire country and launched ''Operation Candle'', scheduled from December 24 to 01/02/16. It mobilized approx. 150,000 TNI and National Police personnel to secure important sites and to conduct targeted raids against Islamists throughout the country. In Jakarta, more than 20,000 security forces safeguarded New Year's festivities. lwe INDONESIA (MUSLIMS CHRISTIANS) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1998 Conflict parties: Conflict items: Muslims, FPI vs. Christians subnational predominance The conflict over subnational, religious predominance between Muslims and Christians continued at the level of a violent crisis. While violent inter-religious tensions had sporadically occurred since the early years of the country's independence, large-scale violence broke out with the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998. In the transition period between 1998 and 2002, clashes between Muslims and Christians on the Maluku archipelago and the islands of Sulawesi repeatedly reached the level of a limited war. In February 2002, Christian and Muslim community leaders concluded two separate peace treaties for the Moluccan island of Ambon and the city of Poso in Sulawesi, which had been the epicenters of the violence. Despite this, violent tensions between Muslims and Christians continued to erupt in both regions as well as other parts of Indonesia, reinforced by the transmigration of Muslims to predominantly Christian regions and countrywide anti-Christian mobilization by Islamist organizations, most notably the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI). In <strong>2015</strong>, tensions on the Maluku archipelago de-escalated, while outbreaks of violence occurred in the provinces of Aceh, Papua, and Central Sulawesi. On January 15, Islamist militants killed three Christian villagers in Tangkura near Poso, Central Sulawesi [→ Indonesia (Islamist militant groups)]. On June 13, members of the Christian Indonesian Bible Church Congregation (GIDI) reportedly circulated flyers in Tolikara, Papua, complaining about the use of loudspeakers at a local mosque and demanding prayers not to take place near a Christian seminar. Four days later, during the festival of Eid al-Fitr, about 200 GIDI members gathered to stop Muslim migrants from conducting their prayers. Breaking into a riot, the Christian mob hurled stones, set the mosque ablaze, and torched several houses, kiosks, and vehicles in the Muslimpopulated vicinity. About 150 Muslims fled to a nearby military compound. Security forces shot dead one rioter and injured eleven others. On July 22, community leaders in Tolikara shook hands in a public peace ceremony. In the aftermath of the widely circulated attack, arson attacks against churches were reported in several cities on the island of Java. The government arrested two Christians for instigating the riots and deployed more than 300 additional police and military personnel to Central Sulawesi to protect churches and viharas. In Aceh, an autonomous province adhering to Islamic Law, incidents of burning churches attributed to Islamist arsonists were reported in August and September. In early October, members of Islamist organizations staged a demonstration demanding the demolition of churches constructed without building permit. The local government acceded to the protesters' demands, but did not proceed with the demolition immediately. Under the 2006 decree on the construction of houses of worship, religious minorities were required to attain supportive signatures from at least 60 people of other religious belief as well as the approval from the local religious agency. On October 13, members of FPI and the Aceh Singkil Islamic Care Youth Students Association torched two Protestant churches in the villages of Suka Makmur and Dangguran as well as one Catholic church, claiming they had been built without permits. The attackers, numbering at least 500 people, were confronted by local Christians as well as military and police personnel, which had been deployed in anticipation of the attacks. In the ensuing fights, one Muslim was shot dead with an air rifle, while three others as well as one soldier were injured. The police arrested at least ten attackers. In the aftermath, thousands of Christians fled to neighboring districts. President Joko ''Jokowi'' Widodo and the Indonesian Ulema Council condemned the violence. The government deployed at least 1,300 police and military forces to the region to oversee the return of the IDPs, patrol the streets, and guard Christian services and churches. They also oversaw the demolition of the unlicensed churches, which started on October 19. jfr INDONESIA (PAPUA) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1961 Conflict parties: Conflict items: OPM, KNPB, ULMWP vs. government secession, resources The secession conflict over the provinces of Papua and West- Papua and resources such as timber, gold, and copper between indigenous Papuans and the government continued 143
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2015 disputes non-violent crises vi
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CONFLICT BAROMETER I 2015 Analyzed
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AUTHORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD EUROPE
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Methodology
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In addition to the three constituti
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Global Conflict Panorama
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN 2015 (SUBNATIO
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GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GLOBAL CONFLICT
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA ANALYSIS I
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA COUPS D'É
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION NEG
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION adv
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION rit
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION AUT
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Dur
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CONFLICT ISSUES INTERNATIONAL POWER
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CONFLICT ISSUES as well as Hungary
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CONFLICT ISSUES between the House o
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CONFLICT ISSUES Maghreb were fought
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VIOLENT SUBNATIONAL PREDOMINANCE CO
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NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTS IN 2015
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN EUROPE IN 2015
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EUROPE to hold a referendum on Basq
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EUROPE Name of conflict 1 Conflict
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EUROPE Lukashenka, on the other, co
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EUROPE GREECE (SOCIAL PROTESTS, LEF
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EUROPE Bridge in Moscow. Subsequent
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EUROPE MP Donika Kadaj-Bujupi was a
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EUROPE of movement and speech, paym
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EUROPE In mid-July, the government
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Counting 97, the
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Overview: Confli
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Name of conflict
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Thousands of peo
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA attacking Kayanz
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA The conflict ove
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 300 people died,
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to withdraw from
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA and 16 months, r
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA latter signed th
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA In September 201
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA militant leaders
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA responded with a
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Between December
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Kenyan chief of
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Page 95 and 96: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA killed 16 people
Page 97 and 98: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to sign a compre
Page 99 and 100: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Renewal had been
Page 101 and 102: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE AMERICAS I
Page 103 and 104: THE AMERICAS In various countries,
Page 105 and 106: THE AMERICAS Name of conflict 1 Con
Page 107 and 108: THE AMERICAS CHILE (MAPUCHE / ARAUC
Page 109 and 110: THE AMERICAS incident an ''act of d
Page 111 and 112: THE AMERICAS November 3, the air fo
Page 113 and 114: THE AMERICAS department, who had ca
Page 115 and 116: THE AMERICAS fices were carried out
Page 117 and 118: THE AMERICAS Zetas, in San Pedro Ga
Page 119 and 120: THE AMERICAS gion of the Northern A
Page 121 and 122: THE AMERICAS gion. In a military op
Page 123 and 124: THE AMERICAS Maduro accused paramil
Page 125 and 126: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN ASIA AND OCEAN
Page 127 and 128: ASIA AND OCEANIA central government
Page 129 and 130: ASIA AND OCEANIA Name of conflict 1
Page 131 and 132: ASIA AND OCEANIA Name of conflict 1
Page 133 and 134: ASIA AND OCEANIA Minister Sheikh Ha
Page 135 and 136: ASIA AND OCEANIA CHINA (SOCIOECONOM
Page 137 and 138: ASIA AND OCEANIA Committees in Sers
Page 139 and 140: ASIA AND OCEANIA South China Sea in
Page 141 and 142: ASIA AND OCEANIA United Liberation
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Page 147 and 148: ASIA AND OCEANIA nation. The ROC go
Page 149 and 150: ASIA AND OCEANIA Additionally, Thol
Page 151 and 152: ASIA AND OCEANIA national power bet
Page 153 and 154: ASIA AND OCEANIA Group sent a speec
Page 155 and 156: PAKISTAN (ISLAMIST MILITANT GROUPS)
Page 157 and 158: ASIA AND OCEANIA Public School in P
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Page 161 and 162: ASIA AND OCEANIA use of automatic g
Page 163 and 164: ASIA AND OCEANIA The conflict betwe
Page 165 and 166: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAS
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Page 171 and 172: MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB AFGHANISTAN
Page 173 and 174: MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB ALGERIA (MA
Page 175 and 176: MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB On November
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Page 183 and 184: MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Syria. In t
Page 185 and 186: MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB In February
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB flights to
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Al-Houthi m
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YEMEN, SAUDI ARABIA (AL-HOUTHI) Jan
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IMPRINT ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Nadine A
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Heidelberg Institute for Internatio
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