ConflictBarometer_2015

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Kenyan chief of Mandera County, Muktar Otieno, in Bardera
on April 24. Other attacks in Gedo included two assaults
on June 18, killing 19 SNA soldiers in Adado, Galgudug, and
Gedweyne. On August 26, al-Shabaab killed at least seven
people when they attacked a government convoy between
Garbaharey and Balad.
More attacks took place in the Lower Shabelle region. On
March 11, al-Shabaab killed five people raiding Wanla Weyn.
One month later, al-Shabaab attacked an AMISOM convoy
and killed six people. On May 15 and 16, the militants killed
approx. 15 AMISOM soldiers in twin attacks in Mubarak and
Awdheegle. On June 26, al-Shabaab killed up to 50 people
in an attack on an AMISOM base in Leego with a car bomb,
machine guns, and IEDs. The militants attacked the town
Janale several times, killing the commissioner of the town on
August 3 and killing up to 50 AMISOM soldiers on September
1. On December 24, al-Shabaab expelled SNA and AMISOM
from Beerhani. Later that month, they killed five SNA soldiers
in a gun battle after raiding their base in Qoryoley.
Attacks on SNA bases in Lower Juba in late June and early
September led to the death of at least 22 soldiers. In Middle
Shabelle region, on July 13, al-Shabaab killed five civilians
and two AMISOM soldiers when attacking troops in the southern
district of Rage Ceele. They were repelled by AMISOM
who also killed 25 militants. On August 19, fighting between
SNA and the Islamists in Bakool left at least 20 people dead.
Throughout the year, al-Shabaab publicly executed at least
15 people in Hiiraan, Bay, and Lower Shabelle.
Several attacks also took place in the semi-autonomous
region of Puntland [→ Somalia (Puntland)]. In early February
and May, Islamists killed five policemen with IEDs in Bosaso,
Bari region, and shot dead the Somali Legislator Saeed
Nur Dirir. On February 14, Puntland Security Forces killed
16 militants and injured 26 others when Islamists raided
Madarshoon.
Al-Shabaab carried out attacks in Kenya numerous times
throughout the year, including the attack on the Garissa University
College on April 2, killing 147 people with explosives
and guns. In response, KDF attacked several key suspects of
al-Shabaab three days later in Gondodowe and Ismail, Gedo.
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The conflict between immigration opponents and foreign
nationals over subnational predominance continued on a violent
level. Against the background of a difficult job situation
and social inequality in the whole of the country, tensions
between parts of the South African population and various
groups of immigrants, especially foreign-born shop owners,
led to three major waves of violence, which especially affected
the highly urbanized province Gauteng.
In January, violence erupted after a Somali shop owner had
killed a 14-year-old alleged robber in Soweto, Gauteng, close
to Johannesburg. In the following weeks, at least eight people
were killed and around 100 shops owned by foreign
nationals were looted and destroyed. At the end of March,
Goodwill Zwelithini, traditional leader of the Zulu, called
on immigrants living in South Africa to leave the country,
which was followed by a new wave of attacks and aggression
against foreign nationals. Especially affected was the city of
Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, where at least seven people were
killed, hundreds of foreign-owned shops looted and approx.
5,000 immigrants had to flee their homes.
The latter were sheltered in ad hoc refugee camps. The
weapons mostly used by the attackers were knives, firearms,
and picks. The violence against immigrants then spread
to Gauteng, affecting Johannesburg as well as its suburbs.
President Jacob Zuma and the police were accused of passivity
by the media and parts of the opposition. In countries
such as Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria, a boycott of South
African products and companies was requested by several
activists and lobbies. In mid-April, Nigeria, Mozambique,
Zimbabwe, and Malawi started evacuating their citizens from
South Africa, mostly from Durban. The situation de-escalated
by the end of April. Around the same time, several thousands
of protesters in Durban, Rustenburg, Pretoria, Johannesburg,
and Port Elizabeth, marched for a peaceful coexistence between
South Africans and immigrants.
In October, aggression against foreign shop owners erupted
again, first in Limpopo,Transvaal province, and then in Grahamstown,
Eastern Cape province. The latter wave of violence
lasted for several days and affected more than 500 foreign
nationals, who lost their shops, homes, and belongings due
to arson and looting. The attacks mainly targeted Muslims.
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SOUTH SUDAN (INTER-COMMUNAL VIOLENCE)
Intensity: 5 | Change: | Start: 2011
Conflict parties:
Conflict items:
Muok-Akot vs. Thony, Aguok vs. Apuk-
Giir, Panyon vs. Pakam, Kuei, Mundi
vs. Dinka Bor vs. Murle, Azande vs.
Dinka vs. Shilluk, Dinka sub-groups
vs. Dinka sub-groups
subnational predominance, resources
SOUTH AFRICA (ANTI-IMMIGRANTS
IMMIGRANTS)
Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1994
Conflict parties:
Conflict items:
groups of anti-immigrants vs. immigrants
subnational predominance
The conflict between various ethnic groups over subnational
predominance, arable land, and cattle escalated to war
level. The escalation was facilitated by the proliferation of
weapons and increasing instability in the region [→ South
Sudan (SPLM/A-in-Opposition)]. Inter-communal violence
predominantly in the form of retaliatory attacks was mainly
sparked by incidents of cattle rustling. On January 19, a
cattle raid in Manteu, Rumbek area, Lakes state, by youths
from Mayendit county, Unity state, left more than 55 people
dead and several houses destroyed. Another clash between
two cattle-keeping communities in Lainya near the Juba-Yei
highway, Central Equatoria state, on February 24, left twelve
people dead, among them one soldier. In the context of a
series of cattle raids, two Dinka Bor children from Bor, Jonglei
state, were allegedly kidnapped by Murle tribe members on
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