SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

of consumers uses age variation in
consumption to control for the effects of
age structure on standards of living.
CHAPTER 2
1. UN DESA 2015a.
2. ADB 2005.
3. Philippines Statistics Authority, Republic
of the Philippines 2015.
4. ILO and ADB 2011.
5. McKinsey & Company 2011.
6. Noland et al. 2013.
7. Bloom and Williamson 1998.
8. World Bank 2013a.
9. ADB 2014a.
10. Gross enrolment ratio = (persons in
school x100)/(persons of school age).
11. Fogel 2004.
12. For example, Bloom et al. 2000.
13. Leung et al. (2003) argued that it is
impossible to disprove the role of luck
in economic growth. They claimed that
Asia-Pacific countries have experienced
successes and failures generated by
high economic volatility, and that “luck
is endogenous through learning-by
investing.” As result, “good luck is a
function of good policy. Luck favours
those who strive.”
14. Otsubo 2007.
15. Kensuke 2011.
16. UNDP 2014.
17. Otsubo 2007.
18. Ibid.
19. Corbet 2012.
20. World Bank 2015a.
21. ADB 2014c.
22. Norbu 2014.
23. The Economist 2014a.
24. ADB 2014c.
25. Ibid.
26. OECD 2012.
27. ILO and ADB 2011.
28. Kabeer 2005.
29. World Bank 2014e.
30. World Bank 2014b.
31. Ibid.
32. Mirza and Bacani 2013.
33. ILO 2013; WIEGO 2014.
34. Estimates of global domestic workers
vary from 100 million to 200 million as
reported by the ILO (UN Women 2015a).
35. ILO 2011b.
36. ILO 2012b.
37. ESRC-DFID 2014.
38. International Committee of the Red
Cross 2015.
39. ILO 2015b.
40. ILO 2013.
41. Monthly Review 2014.
42. ILO 2015c.
43. WageIndicator 2011.
44. China Briefing 2014.
45. The Asia Foundation 2013.
46. World Bank 2014a; Dev 2015.
47. ILO 2015a.
48. ILO 2008.
49. UNESCO-UNEVOC 2014.
50. National Skills Development Foundation
2013.
51. ADB 2014b.
52. Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper 2012.
53. The Global Findex Survey 2014.
54. Karlan et al. 2014.
55. Burgess and Pande 2005.
56. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 2015.
57. Norbu 2014.
58. ADB 2015a.
59. Ernst and Young 2014.
60. ADB 2015b.
CHAPTER 3
1. Bloom and Williamson 1998.
2. ADB 2011b.
3. Huntington 1996; Esty et al. 1998;
Goldstone 2001.
4. Both the shares and numbers of children
and youth have been declining rapidly
in Asia-Pacific. The regional share of
children in the total population, after
reaching a peak of 41 percent in 1970,
declined to 24 percent in 2015, and is
projected to fall further to 18 percent
by 2050. The regional share of youth
decreased from a peak of 21 percent
in 1985 to 16 percent today, and is
projected to shrink to 12 percent by
2050. The numbers of children and youth
have also declined since 1995 and 2010,
respectively.
5. United Nations 2015c.
6. Ibid.
7. UNESCO 2012.
8. OECD 2012b.
9. UNESCO and UNICEF 2012.
10. World Bank 2015a.
11. UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2015.
12. UNESCO (2003) defines a Gender
Parity Index value of between 0.97 and
1.03 as the achievement of gender parity.
This allows for some measurement error
but does not imply a judgement about
the acceptability of any particular level of
disparity.
13. UNESCO 2015b.
14. UNESCO 2015a.
15. UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2015.
16. United Nations 2010.
17. Government of India Planning
Commission 2013.
18. The learning outcomes are disturbingly
low. The annual Status of Education
Report of Pratham (2012), which is one
of the largest NGOs in India working
to improve the quality of education,
indicates that more than more than half
of all children in Standard V were unable
to read a Standard II level text in 2012.
Similarly, 46 percent of children enrolled
in Standard V were not able to solve
simple-two digit subtraction problems.
19. Pratham 2013.
20. Muralidharan 2013.
21. UNESCO 2012.
22. UNESCO 2015b.
23. Tertiary students are those who enrolled
for a university degree, vocational
training or advanced research degree of
doctoral standard.
24. See, for example, Carnoy et al. 2012;
World Bank 2012a.
25. UNESCO 2014a.
26. ADB 2012b.
27. Altback et al. 2009.
28. Morley 2005.
29. UNDP 2013.
30. ADB 2011b.
31. UNESCO 2014b.
32. UNESCO 2015b.
33. UNICEF 2015a.
34. UNDP 2015a.
35. ILO 2015d.
36. ILO 2015e.
37. ILO 2015d.
38. UNICEF 2007.
39. WAVE Trust 2013.
40. OECD and WHO 2014.
41. UNICEF 2014.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Save the Children 2012.
47. Ibid.
48. UNICEF 2014.
49. UNICEF 2016.
50. Underweight (low weight-for-age) is
related to both low height and low weight
of a child. Hence countries with a higher
prevalence of stunting and wasting are
likely to have a higher proportion of
underweight children.
51. UNICEF 2014.
52. WHO 2016a.
53. UNICEF 2014.
54. WHO 2014c; UNICEF 2014.
55. WHO 2014c.
56. Ibid.
57. Chen et al. 2011, WHO 2012
58. UNICEF 2011.
59. UNODC 2015.
60. Kothari et al. 2012.
61. UNFPA 2012.
62. WHO 2014a.
200