SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Recommendations

Info

stages from the UNDP Human Development Report Office in general, and Selim Jahan, Jonathan Hall, Shantanu Mukherjee and Tanni Mukhopadhyay, in particular. We are thankful for feedback from other UNDP colleagues, who are too numerous mention here individually, from the Bureau of Programme and Policy Support in New York, the Regional Programme and Policy Support Team at the Bangkok Regional Hub, the Regional Bureau for Africa, the Regional Hub in Istanbul, the Regional Hub in Jordan, the International Center for Human Development in Delhi and UNDP Nepal. Special thanks go to UNDP Bangkok Regional Hub’s Country Office Support and Quality Assurance Team for checking the report and coordinating inputs from country offices in Asia and the Pacific. Several country offices offered helpful comments, including in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Timor-Leste and Sri Lanka. We would like to extend our appreciation to Ajay Ch hibber, former Director of UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, for providing initial inspiration and guidance. We are also grateful to former UNDP colleagues Anuradha Rajivan for sharing her insights and Rajeswary Iruthayanathan for providing proofreading support. For actively disseminating the key messages of the report, we gratefully recognize UNDP communication and outreach advisers, namely, Stanislav Saling in New York and Cedric Monteiro in Bangkok, along with communication officers in UNDP country offices. We thank Vinita Aggarwal of UNDP India for preparing a web-friendly version. UNDP Bangkok Regional Hub, the International Center for Human Development and UNDP country offices in Asia-Pacific offered many forms of logistical support in organizing the subregional stakeholders’ consultations. UNDP Bangladesh aided in printing and launching the report in Dhaka. Members of the Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific Strategic Planning and Oversight Unit in New York, especially Silvia Morimoto, Samar Sinha, Irene Ilevbare and Sha Guo, provided critical administrative support and management services throughout report preparation. Finally I want thank Haoliang Xu, Regional Director, and Nicholas Rosellini, Deputy Regional Director for UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, for their leadership and support during the entire period of the report preparation. Thangavel Palanivel Lead Author, Senior Strategic Adviser and Chief Economist UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific vi
Table of Contents Foreword iii Preface iv Acknowledgements v Acronyms xi OVERVIEW 1 CHAPTER 4 117 Ageing Societies: New Opportunities to Thrive An Era of Rapid Ageing 120 Older Societies Face Challenges—and Can Build on Strengths 124 Sustaining Human Development Across Longer Lifespans 144 Ageing without Fear 149 CHAPTER 1 15 How Changing Demographics can Power Human Development Human Development Improves Rapidly, But Unevenly, Across Asia-Pacific 19 The World’s Most Populous Region: A Major Transition Is Underway 22 Drivers of a Changing Population 28 How Demographic Transition Works 35 How Much Is the Demographic Dividend? 40 Historic Changes, Limited Time 43 CHAPTER 2 45 More People at Work: The Foundation for Improved Well-Being Record Numbers of Working-age People 48 A Demographic Return for Human Development: Four Paths 53 What’s Been Learned in China, Japan and Thailand? 59 Making the Most of Demographic Opportunities 63 The Coming Demographic Window 78 CHAPTER 3 79 Nurturing Children, Unlocking the Potential of Youth Home to More Than Half the World’s Children and Youth 82 Education Is the Path to the Future 84 Healthy Early Years Last a Lifetime 95 Transitioning to Adulthood Depends on Decent Work 100 Youth Participation: A Right With Many Benefits 105 Unlocking the Potential of the Next Generation 106 The Right Start in Life 115 CHAPTER 5 151 Tapping the Human Dynamism in Cities An Urbanizing Region 154 Keeping Up with an Urban Boom: Potentials and Pitfalls 161 Realizing the Full Promise of Urbanization 171 The Region’s Future Depends on Cities 179 CHAPTER 6 181 An Agenda for Action: Shaping the Future For All Countries, Some Common Principles 184 Making the Most of Demographic Opportunities 186 Unlocking the Potential of the Next Generation 188 Sustaining Human Development Across Longer Lifespans 191 Sustaining Momentum 196 End Notes 199 Bibliography 205 STATISTICAL ANNEX Reader’s Guide Statistical Tables 1. Human Development Index and Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index 225 2. Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990-2014 226 3. Gender Development Index 227 4. Gender Inequality Index 228 5. Multidimensional Poverty Index 229 6. Trends in Income Poverty, 1987-2014 230 7. Total Population and Growth Change 231 8. Fertility Rate and Crude Death Rate 232 vii
Page 1 and 2: ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
Page 3 and 4: ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD We live in times of great
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Asia-Pacific H
Page 11 and 12: 1.15 Population age-composition is
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank
Page 15 and 16: Overview SHAPING THE FUTURE: HOW CH
Page 17 and 18: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA-PACIFIC:
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE 2: Wealthier countries tend
Page 21 and 22: a strong emphasis on protecting wor
Page 23 and 24: could provide job matching assistan
Page 25 and 26: Asia-Pacific leave the workforce at
Page 27 and 28: WHAT’S AHEAD IN THIS REPORT This
Page 29: Chapter 1 HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
Page 32 and 33: sustainable, reaching everyone whil
Page 34 and 35: FIGURE 1.1: The Human Development I
Page 36 and 37: TABLE 1.1: Asia-Pacific still has l
Page 38 and 39: married couples to have children, a
Page 40 and 41: FIGURE 1.5: Population pyramids in
Page 42 and 43: FIGURE 1.8: The median age is high
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1.10: Disparities in fertili
Page 46 and 47: Improved overall human development
Page 48 and 49: TABLE 1.5: Countries in Asia-Pacifi
Page 50 and 51: “When relatively large generation
Page 52 and 53: 38 Having fewer dependents on worki
Page 54 and 55: 40 In developed Asia- Pacific, the
Page 56 and 57: TABLE 1.6: Demographic dividends fl
Page 58 and 59:
44
Page 61 and 62:
2. MORE PEOPLE AT WORK: THE FOUNDAT
Page 63 and 64:
encouraged labour-intensive industr
Page 65 and 66:
FIGURE 2.3: Peaks within subregions
Page 67 and 68:
A DEMOGRAPHIC RETURN FOR HUMAN DEVE
Page 69 and 70:
BOX 2.1: Women bear a larger burden
Page 71 and 72:
FIGURE 2.8: Growth in labour produc
Page 73 and 74:
WHAT’S BEEN LEARNED IN CHINA, JAP
Page 75 and 76:
FIGURE 2.13: Japan is past its work
Page 77 and 78:
FIGURE 2.15: Thailand still has tim
Page 79 and 80:
make this a key aim of national dev
Page 81 and 82:
investment climate, as well as enco
Page 83 and 84:
TABLE 2.4: Shares of workers in the
Page 85 and 86:
Even before leaving home, migrant w
Page 87 and 88:
Promote health and safety at work:
Page 89 and 90:
BOX 2.8: Malaysia transforms an ind
Page 91 and 92:
of resilient infrastructure are joi
Page 93:
Chapter 3 NURTURING CHILDREN, UNLOC
Page 96 and 97:
Asia-Pacific is home to 1.7 billion
Page 98 and 99:
Commendable progress in education m
Page 100 and 101:
Quality primary education mitigates
Page 102 and 103:
In most Asia-Pacific countries, sec
Page 104 and 105:
Strong tertiary education is a buil
Page 106 and 107:
FIGURE 3.3: Access to tertiary educ
Page 108 and 109:
94 TABLE 3.9: Youth illiteracy has
Page 110 and 111:
TABLE 3.11: Child mortality rates b
Page 112 and 113:
BOX 3.7: Malnutrition and disabilit
Page 114 and 115:
Despite social and economic progres
Page 116 and 117:
FIGURE 3.8: The share of youth who
Page 118 and 119:
104 Young migrants are highly vulne
Page 120 and 121:
as an important challenge. But they
Page 122 and 123:
TABLE 3.15: Some countries with lar
Page 124 and 125:
Immunization saves children’s liv
Page 126 and 127:
BOX 3.10: Germany’s vocational tr
Page 128 and 129:
BOX 3.12: Partnering with youth in
Page 130 and 131:
116
Page 133 and 134:
4. AGEING SOCIETIES: NEW OPPORTUNIT
Page 135 and 136:
FIGURE 4.1: Asia-Pacific is one of
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 4.1: East Asia is the oldest
Page 139 and 140:
BOX 4.2: Responses to poverty among
Page 141 and 142:
BOX 4.3: A plan of action for older
Page 143 and 144:
FIGURE 4.9: Per capita health-care
Page 145 and 146:
BOX 4.5: China moves towards univer
Page 147 and 148:
TABLE 4.3: Social pensions are an i
Page 149 and 150:
FIGURE 4.12: Pension replacement ra
Page 151 and 152:
BOX 4.7: Increasing links between p
Page 153 and 154:
cupy space in some public buildings
Page 155 and 156:
ment bodies, encourage regular inte
Page 157 and 158:
BOX 4.9: Ageing countries begin enc
Page 159 and 160:
help coordinate the work of other g
Page 161 and 162:
for older people. Many advanced cou
Page 163 and 164:
action. Free public transport, and
Page 165:
Chapter 5 TAPPING THE HUMAN DYNAMIS
Page 168 and 169:
In the last 30 years, Asia-Pacific
Page 170 and 171:
FIGURE 5.3: Even countries with few
Page 172 and 173:
FIGURE 5.6: Most people will contin
Page 174 and 175:
160 Social, cultural and economic i
Page 176 and 177:
The benefits of urbanization have n
Page 178 and 179:
BOX 5.2: Pioneering urban poverty r
Page 180 and 181:
vehicles on the road. Beijing issue
Page 182 and 183:
Municipal governments in Asia-Pacif
Page 184 and 185:
TABLE 5.4: Revenue mobilization opt
Page 186 and 187:
172 City governments need to have t
Page 188 and 189:
Investing in essential infrastructu
Page 190 and 191:
176 in East Asian cities, and occur
Page 192 and 193:
BOX 5.9: The Republic of Korea emba
Page 194 and 195:
180
Page 197 and 198:
6. AN AGENDA FOR ACTION: SHAPING TH
Page 199 and 200:
Development Report argues, decent w
Page 201 and 202:
with ministries overseeing youth, e
Page 203 and 204:
This is an urgent priority in a reg
Page 205 and 206:
SUSTAINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS
Page 207 and 208:
plan automatically enrols people in
Page 209 and 210:
BOX 6.3: Developing Delhi’s metro
Page 213 and 214:
End Notes CHAPTER 1 1. UNFPA 2014b.
Page 215 and 216:
63. WHO 2014b. 64. UNFPA 2012. 65.
Page 217:
produces 40 percent of total econom
Page 220 and 221:
206 The Asia Foundation. 2013. “T
Page 222 and 223:
208 CODI (Community Organizations D
Page 224 and 225:
210 Global Migration Group. 2014.
Page 226 and 227:
212 Janwani. 2010. “Annual Report
Page 228 and 229:
214 ———. 2012a. OECD Employme
Page 230 and 231:
216 ———. 2011. “Follow-up t
Page 232 and 233:
218 York. [www.unfpa.org/sites/defa
Page 234 and 235:
———. 2012c. Malaysia Economic
Page 236 and 237:
tables include the Caribbean countr
Page 238 and 239:
224
Page 240 and 241:
TABLE 2: Trends in the Human Develo
Page 242 and 243:
TABLE 4: Gender Inequality Index 22
Page 244 and 245:
TABLE 6: Trends in income poverty,
Page 246 and 247:
TABLE 8: Fertility rate and crude d
Page 248 and 249:
TABLE 10: Trends and share of child
Page 250 and 251:
TABLE 12: Trends and share of young
Page 252 and 253:
TABLE 14: Trends and share of older
Page 254 and 255:
TABLE 16: Education indicators and
Page 256 and 257:
TABLE 17: Health indicators 242
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 18: Employment and unemployme
Page 260 and 261:
TABLE 19: International trade, fina
Page 263 and 264:
ABOUT ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
show all

SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?