CASE STUDIES FROM AFRICA

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Cultivating Competitive Advantage. The key to successful services offerings lies in recognising competitive advantages and fostering them. Services competitive advantages are often difficult to identify in underdeveloped markets. To determine these competitive advantages, countries must assess the prominent skill sets citizens and evaluate trade patterns and partners. Language skills, geographical positioning, and market requirements should also be considered. Once competitive advantages have been identified, the government must take deliberate steps to cultivate the market for these services. This may include entering into technical advisory relationships with experienced service providers, offering tax incentives for relevant parties, or subsidising related training and educational programmes. Export Best Practices One of the reasons Ethiopia’s air transport services sector has been successful is that EAL has mastered two key strategies—providing a service the client needs while in country, and developing a means for the client to purchase the service in the client’s home region. Consumption Abroad Transactions. Central to Ethiopia’s success in this sector is the existence of a market for the service. Ethiopia has created an environment in which air transport services thrive. Because of the country’s active air transport services sector, the clients—air transport passengers, aircraft, cargo customers and students—all enter the market to purchase services. Additionally, since the market restrictions are generally set by the home market, Ethiopia can develop policies and regulations to foster these businesses. The code sharing agreement it has entered through Star Alliance system — the biggest code share agreement in the industry— has added value for the airline and its customers alike. Commercial Presence Transactions. Ethiopia has identified the most fertile markets in which its air transport services are needed, and has established a commercial presence in those markets. Predominantly, EAL has established regional partners, acquired shares with these partners, and established sales and services offices. But increasingly, the airline is establishing joint ventures and strategic agreements to operate in these markets, further expanding the airline’s reach. 55
Bibliography Abeyratne, Ruwantissa (1998), ‘The Future of African Civil Aviation’, Montreal: Journal of Air Transportation Addis Standard, (2013), ‘Ethiopian police says it thwarted plans to attack Bole International Airport’, http://addisstandard.com/ethiopian-police-says-it-thwarted-plans-to-attack-boleinternational-airport/ African Aviation (2013) “Ethiopian Airlines and RwandAir sign MRO agreement”, http://www.africanaviation.com/<strong>AFRICA</strong>N_AVIATION_NEWS.html Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), (2012) Aviation Benefits Beyond Borders, Geneva: ATAG Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), (2003) Economic and Social Benefits of Air Transport, Geneva: ATAG Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), (2003) The Contribution of Air Transport to Sustainable Development in Africa, Study Prepared for ATAG by Oxford Economic Forecasting, Geneva: ATAG Air Transport News, (2013) “Interview with Tewolde Gebremariam, CEO, Ethiopian Airlines”, http://www.atn.aero/analysis.pl?id=1390 BBC (2013) ‘Ethiopia bans citizens from travelling abroad for work’, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24663049 Boeing (2013) ‘Boeing Raises Forecast for Number of New Commercial Pilots Needed’, http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/cmo/pilot_technician_outlook.page Capital Ethiopia (2013), ‘Ethiopian appoints CEOs for Malawi Airlines, ASKY’, Addis Ababa: Capital Ethiopia Centre for Aviation (2013), ‘Africa’s ailing national airlines survive on USD2.5 billion of government subsidy: Not sound policy’, http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/africas-ailingnational-airlines-survive-on-usd25-billion-of-government-subsidy-not-sound-policy-131859 Centre for Aviation (2013), ‘Ethiopian Airlines expands its global footprint to link the world's high growth regions”, http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/ethiopian-airlines-expands-itsglobal-footprint-to-link-the-worlds-high-growth-regions-102851 Centre for Aviation (2013), ‘Ethiopian and Kenya Airways’ Financial Fortunes Diverge In Pursuit of East African Domination’, http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/ethiopian-andkenya-airways-financial-fortunes-diverge-in-pursuit-of-east-african-domination-123814 Centre for Aviation (2013), ‘Low-cost airlines start to penetrate African international market, led by fastjet”, http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/low-cost-airlines-start-to-penetrate-africaninternational-market-led-by-fastjet-134416 56
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SERVICES EXPORTS FOR GROWTH AND DEV
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CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACP ADC
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FESPACO Festival Panafricain du Cin
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TVET TWA UACE UAE UBA UCL UEMOA UEP
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Each of the five case studies was t
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xiv
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Scope and Coverage of Case Studies
Page 19 and 20: transferring technology, skills, an
Page 21 and 22: Government Policies that Made a Dif
Page 23 and 24: availability of hotel accommodation
Page 25 and 26: 2. Successful exports in one mode o
Page 27 and 28: TYPOLOGY OF FOUR MODES OF EXPORTING
Page 29 and 30: areas of the service, for example,
Page 31 and 32: to become the market leader in the
Page 33 and 34: Data from international organisatio
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1: Share of Services Subsect
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2: Structural Decomposition
Page 39 and 40: Air Transport Services Coverage in
Page 41 and 42: GTP on Air Transport Services Regar
Page 43 and 44: Table 6: Aviation Sector Performanc
Page 45 and 46: Ethiopia’s consideration of the s
Page 47 and 48: Definition Selected for This Study
Page 49 and 50: Boeing 767-200ER. EAL made history
Page 51 and 52: other construction and navigation f
Page 53 and 54: Market Structure International pass
Page 55 and 56: Ethiopian destinations. Revenue gen
Page 57 and 58: tourism, as well as the transaction
Page 59 and 60: independently, and are intermediate
Page 61 and 62: Table 10: Strengths, Weaknesses, Op
Page 63 and 64: Yamoussoukro Decision, the guidelin
Page 65 and 66: Geographical Positioning and Human
Page 67 and 68: EAL has remained flexible when nece
Page 69: South Africa, Zambia, and Tanzania.
Page 73 and 74: Ethiopian Ministry of Finance and E
Page 75 and 76: Annex 1: Questionnaire Used for the
Page 77 and 78: Annex 2: Pictorial Representations
Page 79 and 80: 64
Page 82 and 83: 3. BANKING SERVICES: A CASE STUDY O
Page 84 and 85: institutions are in charge of servi
Page 86 and 87: witnessed a decline between 2007 an
Page 88 and 89: hand, the eight countries of the Un
Page 90 and 91: (f) Evaluate the opportunities for
Page 92 and 93: significant share of services outpu
Page 94 and 95: Nigeria has several natural and cul
Page 96 and 97: Sector Male Female Total Activities
Page 98 and 99: Annex 3 (Table A1) also shows the a
Page 100 and 101: Sector Industrial Sector Energy Tou
Page 102 and 103: matters regarding trade negotiation
Page 104 and 105: to the changes in interest rates by
Page 106 and 107: hoped that these activities will ra
Page 108 and 109: economic controls. Specifically, th
Page 110 and 111: Resuscitation and enforcement of do
Page 112 and 113: All financial institutions require
Page 114 and 115: Current Banking Services Activities
Page 116 and 117: Bank Total Assets Foreign Locations
Page 118 and 119: 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973
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is a membership-driven institute wh
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Table 17: CIBN Membership Statistic
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Table 20: Share of Banks’ Profit
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2009, it increased after conditions
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Contribution of Banking Services to
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Year Agriculture Manufacturing Serv
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Figure 5: Percentage Growth of UBA
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generally suggests that the growth
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epresentative offices in Beijing, D
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1989 16. Ecobank Côte d’Ivoire a
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Figure 13: Percentage Growth of ETI
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premiums on conversion of local cur
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and technology driven. 62 Therefore
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From previous reforms, to the 2005
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come to dominate the system in the
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In conclusion, it may not be as mea
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BGL Research. Getting Banks to Lend
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Musuku, Thilasoni, et al. Increasin
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Business Day. ‘Ghana Approves Tak
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Annex 2: List of Services Imported
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Table A2: Share of Services Value A
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Table A3: Share of Services Value A
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Table A4: Nigeria’s Trade in Serv
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Table A8: Total Number of Employees
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Information Systems, Networks and I
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enterprises. Preferences may includ
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Growth Rate (%) Share of GDP (%) Fi
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Table 1: Examples of Approved Proje
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principles included in the WTO Tele
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Layer 2 includes telecommunications
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firms involved in the wholesale/ret
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Figure 4: Cross-border Exports of
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9 days. Thus the application of ICT
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software; system integration; compu
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years’ experience in BPO in Seneg
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3. Proactive policies in services,
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Due to labour shortages for young g
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Institutions When it comes to servi
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Financial Attractiveness Other fact
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Proactive Policies to Promote Expor
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Table 13: SWOT Analysis: Senegal as
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promote more coherent efforts in su
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Bibliography ANDS. Second Follow-up
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Annex 1: Evaluation Framework for t
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Annex 3: Standards and Certificatio
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Sectors or Subsectors Mobile cellul
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Annex 5: Short Version of the Quest
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1. Is the classification system use
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5. CULTURAL INDUSTRIES: A CASE STUD
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will help generate new opportunitie
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Mode 4, Presence of Natural Persons
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(d) Evaluate the factors that have
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Organisation of the Report The pres
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Percent Table 2: Balance of Service
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(notably the balance of payments) c
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With the exception of the travel co
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goods and products that are not ban
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Table 7: Involved Private and Publi
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particular. Because cultural produc
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copyrights 25 ), artistic expressio
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Ministers of Culture to endorse the
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Categories of Members 2000 2001 200
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lack of funding, a high level of di
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Success Story: Biz’Art Production
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Success Story: Cartel 38 Aware of t
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museums are currently operated comm
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Market Structure Providing adequate
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Human Capital Formation The continu
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creative goods were greatly at odds
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Figure 5: Different Types of Cultur
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The fees paid by the advertisers (c
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Estimated Employment Generated by C
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Table 30: Exports of Artefacts and
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more visitors than FESTIMA. From th
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impact of these imports on the bala
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Exports Total % Main Export Market
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First, the lack of available data a
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Moreover, the unequal distribution
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telecommunication networks), and in
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improve and support the development
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Inclusion of Cultural Services in E
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To ensure the provision of financia
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To improve market intelligence and
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Table 41: Practical Tools for the P
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Competitiveness Issues associations
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Competitiveness Issues services sec
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Bibliography Articles and Books CE,
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Paugam, J.M. (2013). Trade in Servi
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Table 45: Distribution of Cultural
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Annex 2: Questionnaire for the Priv
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3.2 Pour les festivals / Musées et
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4.2 Les ressources humaines qualifi
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Une règlementation en terme de dro
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There are factors which have favore
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The UN’s Provisional Central Prod
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Because education is designated as
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Global and Regional Trends in Trans
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(a) joint degrees between different
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education services imports. Accordi
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Finan
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Services Sector Export Strategy As
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tailoring, hairdressing, catering,
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improvement measures in delivering
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state of Kenya, Tanzania, and Ugand
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Figure 2: Enrolment of Foreign Stud
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Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunitie
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tended to attract more students loc
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total government expenditure, publi
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Uganda’s declining market share o
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management processes leading to inc
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educational cooperation between Uga
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Uganda Christian University Uganda
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the university closer to its foreig
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At present there are no internation
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Using Social Media for University P
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338 6) Grant all universities disco
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Bibliography Alpen Capital. GCC Edu
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Tierney, William G., and Findlay, C
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Name of Institution Address Details
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iii. Students from outside Africa _
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9. Does your institution collaborat
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If so please elaborate below. _____
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AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Abiodun Surajude
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awareness of the relationships amon
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African Union Headquarters P.O. Box
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CASE STUDIES FROM AFRICA

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