Future of an Ageing Population

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Future of an Ageing Population | A Central Role for Families Percentage of childless people by year (%) Age (years) 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 65-74 Men 14.0 14.5 16.8 19.8 21.7 22.8 Women 11.3 10.0 10.5 11.1 12.1 13.2 75+ Men 15.1 14.2 13.3 14.6 17.0 19.5 Women 15.4 13.6 11.9 11.8 12.5 14.0 Table 5.1: Estimates and projections of percentage of people aged 65+ who are childless, by gender and age group, England 2007-2032 132 These trends are interrelated. For example, increased longevity means that marital and similar unions have the potential to last far longer than historically has been the norm, and this has placed strains on such relationships, ultimately contributing to additional marital break-up and divorce. More people are divorced at an advanced age than before: in 2013, the rate of divorce for older men had increased by 29% over the previous 20 years - an increase in the rate of divorce from 1.7 to 2.3 divorces per thousand men over the age of 60 in England and Wales 85 . In parallel to the increasing heterogeneity of family types, families are becoming more geographically dispersed and long distance and transnational family relations have become a reality of family life in the UK. While such relationships can be maintained through communication technologies (see Chapter 7), this interaction is different to face-to-face contact and long-distance family relations may change the nature of family solidarity. P68
In general, evidence suggests that many of the changes in family structure observed over recent decades will continue into the future 133 . An important policy issue is how traditional assumptions of care and support in later life hold for the growing plurality of family structures. Evidence suggests that, within the complex family structures which result from marital disruption and remarriage, lines of responsibilities become blurred or uncertain between generations. US research, for example, has suggested that parental divorce and step-family formation has negative effects on the support that adult children provide to their parents in old age. In addition there is a strong gender dynamic with adult children having lower contact with divorced fathers and higher contact with divorced mothers when compared with married parents, so that divorced fathers (in the US at least) receive the lowest level of personal care from their children 134 . There is also limited evidence on the impact of childlessness on care and support across the life course. A related, unresolved, question is how the future care needs of older people without children can be met within communities and society. This question is also important for those people whose children have care needs themselves, or whose children are unable to offer unpaid care due to health, wealth, family relationships or distance. Evidence from the Netherlands suggests that while childless older people have smaller care networks, they have more disposable income with which to purchase paid care 135 . Furthermore it may be argued that childless individuals adapt across the life course and develop social alternatives to children 136 . Finally, it is unclear over the following decades the extent to which mainstream changes in British society will also impact upon minority families, and how this will differ between ethnicities. A key question is whether minority ethnic families will follow the path of “individualisation” (rising patterns of cohabitation, divorce, fewer children, lone parenting) that is increasingly characterising white majority families, with unknown implications for provision of care and wellbeing in specific ethnic groups. Policy Implication In parallel to ageing, the UK population is experiencing a growth in the plurality of family structures. There is limited evidence on the impact heterogeneous family types may have on important issues relating to ageing, especially later life caring responsibilities. Understanding this is a priority for understanding the resilience of UK care policies. P69
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Future of an Ageing Population P1
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Foreword People in the UK are livin
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The Government Office for Science w
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Learning and training will become o
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across different socio-economic gro
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Priorities include: • Adapting he
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Box A: Perceptions of youth and old
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Page 17 and 18: • Keating, N , Kwan, D., Hillcoat
Page 19 and 20: Population ageing refers to a chang
Page 21 and 22: 70 95 Life expectancy at birth (yea
Page 23 and 24: Increased life expectancy is the re
Page 25 and 26: Work Population ageing, combined wi
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.3: Pension landscape People w
Page 29 and 30: 2.1 Longer working lives Working la
Page 31 and 32: 100 80 Employment rate (%) 60 40 20
Page 33 and 34: However, there is evidence that the
Page 35 and 36: Country Turkey Denmark Bulgaria Cyp
Page 37 and 38: 50 Percentage of people (%) 40 30 2
Page 39 and 40: Box 2.1: Special circumstances rela
Page 41 and 42: and learning faced by older people.
Page 43 and 44: 3.1 Lifelong learning to enhance me
Page 45 and 46: and numerical skills. People withou
Page 47 and 48: smaller proportion of men of any ag
Page 49 and 50: Policy Implication Participation in
Page 51 and 52: 4.1 Changing demand for housing In
Page 53 and 54: 30 Number of homes built (thousands
Page 55 and 56: younger people who commit to provid
Page 57 and 58: 4.3 The importance of the wider nei
Page 59 and 60: International Case Study: De Hogewe
Page 61 and 62: 5 Number of people (millions) 4 3 2
Page 63 and 64: Policy Implication Many of today’
Page 65 and 66: 5.1 Family trends occurring in para
Page 67: 100 90 80 Unweighted data Weighted
Page 71 and 72: 5.4 The impact of ageing and ‘ver
Page 73 and 74: Age (years) 65+ Care receipt 2007 2
Page 75 and 76: approach overlooks interdependencie
Page 77 and 78: 6.1 Changing health and care needs
Page 79 and 80: Social isolation affects 7-17% of o
Page 81 and 82: transfer of care into the community
Page 83 and 84: combine health and social care skil
Page 85 and 86: 6.4 Medical and assistive technolog
Page 87 and 88: can apply for benefits. Application
Page 89 and 90: 7.1 Benefits of connectivity Connec
Page 91 and 92: Travel habits change over the life
Page 93 and 94: Policy Implication Different age gr
Page 95 and 96: 100 Proportion of respondents who u
Page 97 and 98: Percentage of internet non-users (T
Page 99 and 100: Policy Implication Virtual connecti
Page 101 and 102: The response to an ageing populatio
Page 103 and 104: ced impact ess, including rm condit
Page 105 and 106: Term Accredited training Age struct
Page 107 and 108: Morbidity rate Multi-morbidity Non-
Page 109 and 110: P109
Page 111 and 112: 1 DWP (2011) Predictors of attitude
Page 113 and 114: 36 ONS (2016) Regional labour marke
Page 115 and 116: 71 Eurostat (2014) Table: Individua
Page 117 and 118: 107 Sugiyama, T. and Ward Thompson,
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147 Harper, S. (2016), Population A
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183 O’Reilly, D. et al. (2015) Ca
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219 Burton, E. and Mitchell, L. (20
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Future of an Ageing Population

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