Future of an Ageing Population

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Future of an Ageing Population | A Central Role for Families 5.5 The impact of an ageing population on inter-generational caring responsibilities in families The increasing value of grandparent care and the growing demand for unpaid care both point towards the growing importance of the relationships between generations 148 . It is important to fully understand these inter-generational dependencies. For example, evidence from the European Social Survey suggests that the need to provide grandchild care might encourage older workers to leave the labour force before the official retirement age. It found that just over 50% of grandmothers had retired before reaching the age of 60, compared to 37% of women without grandchildren (the difference among men was smaller at 27% compared to 23%) 149 . However, evidence throughout this report shows that older people are also more likely to be working, reskilling, paying mortgages/rents and even caring for older parents who are still alive. These effects are likely to be transmitted from one generation to the next. Caring for an elderly family member in mid-life can impact upon an individual’s earning capacity. Career interruptions or part-time work due to child or elder care currently reduce pension entitlements with consequences for income in later life. The provision of care is a significant factor in withdrawing from the labour market, and family carers can experience detrimental effects on their health, particularly when little support is available, and particularly in later life 150 . Some grandparents who raise their own grandchildren also report experiences of isolation, discrimination (seen as too old to care) and a lack of support (financial and practical) 151 . While these inter-generational impacts can affect all individuals of all ages, there are certain ‘at risk’ groups. The current generation of 50-70 year olds are sometimes referred to as the ‘sandwich’ generation, squeezed between competing demands, caring for their own parents 152 and their children or grandchildren. As noted above, daughters across all age groups tend to be more heavily involved than sons in providing support to ageing parents, with implications for stress, ill-health, employment, earnings and pension provision in their own later life. Generally the impacts of caregiving fall predominantly to women, although men are playing an increasing role 35 . There are differences in the strength and structure of family support networks across different ethnic groups. Compared to the White ethnic groupings, women are more likely to provide family care in Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani minorities, even when controlling for age, sex or socio-economic background 153 . In summary, it is likely to be important to examine the ways in which caring responsibilities for the young and the old have been allocated in existing policies. It may be ultimately ineffective to separate care and financial policies into those pertaining to children and those to older dependent adults, as that P74
approach overlooks interdependencies between generations. Policy initiatives which facilitate both working and caring responsibilities are of growing importance to the ‘sandwich’ generation who may have caring and support responsibilities for both older and younger generations. However, they will be important across the generations, in particular where they affect individuals who would otherwise be taken out of the labour market. Policy Implication Successful policy responses in an ageing population are likely to be those which take a whole life course approach and identify the dependencies between generations. It will be particularly important to recognise that policy which impacts on younger adult life - for example when adults are caring for young children - will impact on later life experiences and support requirements. P75
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Future of an Ageing Population P1
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Foreword People in the UK are livin
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The Government Office for Science w
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Learning and training will become o
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across different socio-economic gro
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Priorities include: • Adapting he
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Box A: Perceptions of youth and old
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• Keating, N , Kwan, D., Hillcoat
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Population ageing refers to a chang
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70 95 Life expectancy at birth (yea
Page 23 and 24: Increased life expectancy is the re
Page 25 and 26: Work Population ageing, combined wi
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.3: Pension landscape People w
Page 29 and 30: 2.1 Longer working lives Working la
Page 31 and 32: 100 80 Employment rate (%) 60 40 20
Page 33 and 34: However, there is evidence that the
Page 35 and 36: Country Turkey Denmark Bulgaria Cyp
Page 37 and 38: 50 Percentage of people (%) 40 30 2
Page 39 and 40: Box 2.1: Special circumstances rela
Page 41 and 42: and learning faced by older people.
Page 43 and 44: 3.1 Lifelong learning to enhance me
Page 45 and 46: and numerical skills. People withou
Page 47 and 48: smaller proportion of men of any ag
Page 49 and 50: Policy Implication Participation in
Page 51 and 52: 4.1 Changing demand for housing In
Page 53 and 54: 30 Number of homes built (thousands
Page 55 and 56: younger people who commit to provid
Page 57 and 58: 4.3 The importance of the wider nei
Page 59 and 60: International Case Study: De Hogewe
Page 61 and 62: 5 Number of people (millions) 4 3 2
Page 63 and 64: Policy Implication Many of today’
Page 65 and 66: 5.1 Family trends occurring in para
Page 67 and 68: 100 90 80 Unweighted data Weighted
Page 69 and 70: In general, evidence suggests that
Page 71 and 72: 5.4 The impact of ageing and ‘ver
Page 73: Age (years) 65+ Care receipt 2007 2
Page 77 and 78: 6.1 Changing health and care needs
Page 79 and 80: Social isolation affects 7-17% of o
Page 81 and 82: transfer of care into the community
Page 83 and 84: combine health and social care skil
Page 85 and 86: 6.4 Medical and assistive technolog
Page 87 and 88: can apply for benefits. Application
Page 89 and 90: 7.1 Benefits of connectivity Connec
Page 91 and 92: Travel habits change over the life
Page 93 and 94: Policy Implication Different age gr
Page 95 and 96: 100 Proportion of respondents who u
Page 97 and 98: Percentage of internet non-users (T
Page 99 and 100: Policy Implication Virtual connecti
Page 101 and 102: The response to an ageing populatio
Page 103 and 104: ced impact ess, including rm condit
Page 105 and 106: Term Accredited training Age struct
Page 107 and 108: Morbidity rate Multi-morbidity Non-
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Page 111 and 112: 1 DWP (2011) Predictors of attitude
Page 113 and 114: 36 ONS (2016) Regional labour marke
Page 115 and 116: 71 Eurostat (2014) Table: Individua
Page 117 and 118: 107 Sugiyama, T. and Ward Thompson,
Page 119 and 120: 147 Harper, S. (2016), Population A
Page 121 and 122: 183 O’Reilly, D. et al. (2015) Ca
Page 123 and 124: 219 Burton, E. and Mitchell, L. (20
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Future of an Ageing Population

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