Revista Tinerilor Economiºti (The Young Economists Journal)

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EU TAXATION Assoc. Prof. Flavia Barna Ph.D West University from Timişoara Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Timişoara, Romania Assist. Petru-Ovidiu Mura Ph. D Student West University from Timişoara Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Timişoara, Romania Abstract: Anticipating the economic and social change, European Union member states have decided to restructure their aspirations and fiscal priorities. European Union fiscal policy aims to achieve important goals, such as free movement of capital, competitiveness, economic growth and employment, avoiding, at the same time, harmful tax competition between Member States. In this paper we undertook a structural - quantitative analysis of the EU taxation in order to highlight the degree to which fiscal policy objectives proposed by European decision makers are fulfilled and the existent disparities among the member states, resulting in frustration of the taxpayers. JEL classification: E62, E63. Key words: fiscal policy, labor taxation, tax burden, implicite rate of taxation, fiscal revenues structure. 1. Introduction In a general sense, the fiscal policy means “the volume and source of the means of financing the public funds, the assessment methods to be used, the objectives and means of achieving them”. (Manolescu, G., 1997) Another approach argues that fiscal policy reffers to “all the measures, practical actions - based on an economic conception– the types of taxes used, their place throughout the budgetary revenues, the dynamic relations between them, as well as how to use them as leverage to stimulate economic development, solving social and political problems in the country”. (Dobrotă, N., 1997, p. 468) Seen as a support of complex decision making, fiscal policy means “all fiscal decisions taken by public decision-makers, in order to ensure the financial resources to finance public needs and achieving the socio-economic goals, while the real economy is affected by objective factors, annd their trend is not exclusively cyclical”. (Corduneanu Carmen, 1998, p. 379) Fiscal policy is determined directly related to the state’s options on taxes, meaning that it must require conscious use of the full set of fiscal tools and methods for determining the level, structure and fiscal incentives regime in the distribution of social product, so as to ensure political, economic and social objectives. (Condor I., Stancu R., 2002) 9
The European desire is to create a favorable tax area that may influence the economic growth and competitiveness in Europe, leading to the creation of a European welfare state, modern, innovative and sustainable. The fiscal policy adopted in the EU proposes to achieve important goals, such as free movement of capital and employment, avoiding, at the same time, harmful tax competition between Member States. In this context, we show that European fiscal system affects different categories of taxpayers due to structural differences that appear in terms of income, consumption, degrees of regulation, different ways of administering the tax system branches and the possibility of avoiding tax liabilities. 2. Objectives The objectives of this article can be summarized as: 1. to illustrate the evolution of fiscal pressure in EU. 2. to highlight the evolution of tax burden related to labor taxation, the implicite rates of labor taxation and the composition of labor taxation rates. 3. to offer a detailed description of the structure of tax revenues by country and cathegory of taxes. 3. Structural - quantitative analysis of taxation in the European Union 3.1. Fiscal pressure in the European Union The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax area. In 2008, the overall tax ratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and social security contributions in the 27 Member States (EU-27) amounted to 39.3 % in the GDP-weighted average, more than one third above the levels recorded in the United States and Japan. The tax level in the EU is high not only compared to those two countries but also compared to other economies in general; among the major non-European OECD members, only New Zealand has a tax ratio that exceeds 34.5 % of GDP(2). As for less developed countries, they are typically characterised by relatively low tax ratios. Source: Commission Services for the EU, OECD for the US and Japan Figure no. 1 Overall tax-to-GDP ratio (incl. SSC) in the EU, US and Japan 2008, in % 10
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ISSN 1583-9982
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Revista Tinerilor Economiºti (The Young Economists Journal)

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