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Rein, Philip Kotler, and Ben Shields, The Elusive Fan:<br />

Reinventing Sports in a Crowded Marketplace (New<br />

York: McGraw-Hill, 2006).<br />

13. Mark Borden, “Shaun White Lifts Off,” Fast Company,<br />

February 2009, pp. 56–65; Mike Duff, “Target Cuts<br />

Across Fashion with Shaun White,” bnet.com,<br />

February 20, 2009.<br />

14. Kevin Lane Keller, Strategic Brand <strong>Management</strong>, 3rd<br />

ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008);<br />

David A. Aaker and Erich Joachimsthaler, Brand<br />

Leadership (New York: Free Press 2000); David A.<br />

Aaker, Building Strong Brands (New York: Free Press,<br />

1996); David A. Aaker, Managing Brand Equity (New<br />

York: Free Press, 1991).<br />

15. Other approaches are based on economic principles of<br />

signaling, for example, Tulin Erdem, “Brand Equity as a<br />

Signaling Phenomenon,” Journal of Consumer<br />

Psychology 7 (1998), pp. 131–57; or more of a<br />

sociological, anthropological, or biological perspective<br />

(e.g., Grant McCracken, Culture and Consumption II:<br />

Markets, Meaning, and Brand <strong>Management</strong><br />

(Bloo<strong>min</strong>gton: Indiana University Press, 2005); Susan<br />

Fournier, “Consumers and Their Brands: Developing<br />

Relationship Theory in Consumer Research,” Journal<br />

of Consumer Research 24 (September 1998),<br />

pp. 343–73; Craig J. Thompson, Aric Rindfleisch, and<br />

Zeynep Arsel, “Emotional Branding and the Strategic<br />

Value of the Doppelganger Brand Image,” Journal of<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 70 (January 2006), pp. 50–64.<br />

16. Jennifer L. Aaker, “Dimensions of Brand Personality,”<br />

Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 34 (August 1997),<br />

pp. 347–56; Jean-Noel Kapferer, Strategic Brand<br />

<strong>Management</strong>: New Approaches to Creating and<br />

Evaluating Brand Equity (London: Kogan Page, 1992),<br />

p. 38; Scott Davis, Brand Asset <strong>Management</strong>: Driving<br />

Profitable Growth through Your Brands (San Francisco:<br />

Jossey-Bass, 2000). For an overview of academic<br />

research on branding, see Kevin Lane Keller, “Branding<br />

and Brand Equity,” Bart Weitz and Robin Wensley,<br />

eds., Handbook of <strong>Marketing</strong> (London: Sage<br />

Publications, 2002), pp. 151–78; Kevin Lane Keller and<br />

Don Lehmann, “Brands and Branding: Research<br />

Findings and Future Priorities,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 25<br />

(November–December 2006), pp. 740–59.<br />

17. Kevin Lane Keller, Strategic Brand <strong>Management</strong>, 3rd<br />

ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008).<br />

18. Theodore Levitt, “<strong>Marketing</strong> Success through<br />

Differentiation—of Anything,” Harvard Business<br />

Review, January–February 1980, pp. 83–91.<br />

19. Kusum Ailawadi, Donald R. Lehmann, and Scott<br />

Neslin, “Revenue Premium as an Outcome Measure of<br />

Brand Equity,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 67 (October 2003),<br />

pp. 1–17.<br />

20. Jon Miller and David Muir, The Business of Brands<br />

(West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2004).<br />

21. Michael Bush, “Virgin America,” Advertising Age,<br />

November 16, 2009, p. 12.<br />

22. Kevin Lane Keller, “Building Customer-Based Brand<br />

Equity: A Blueprint for Creating Strong Brands,”<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> <strong>Management</strong> 10 (July–August 2001),<br />

pp. 15–19.<br />

23. For some academic insights, see Matthew Thomson,<br />

Deborah J. MacInnis, and C. W. Park, “The Ties That<br />

Bind: Measuring the Strength of Consumers’ Emotional<br />

Attachments to Brands,” Journal of Consumer<br />

Psychology 15 (2005), pp. 77–91; Alexander<br />

Fedorikhin, C. Whan Park, and Matthew Thomson,<br />

“Beyond Fit and Attitude: The Effect of Emotional<br />

Attachment on Consumer Responses to Brand<br />

Extensions,” Journal of Consumer Psychology 18<br />

(2008), pp. 281–91; Jennifer Edson Escalas, “Narrative<br />

Processing: Building Consumer Connections to<br />

Brands,” Journal of Consumer Psychology 14 (1996),<br />

pp. 168–79. For some managerial guidelines, see<br />

Kevin Roberts, Lovemarks: The Future beyond Brands<br />

(New York: Powerhouse Books, 2004); and Douglas<br />

Atkins, The Culting of Brands (New York: Penguin<br />

Books, 2004).<br />

24. Paul Rittenberg and Maura Clancey, “Testing the Value<br />

of Media Engagement for Advertising Effectiveness,”<br />

www.knowledgenetworks.com, Spring–Summer 2006,<br />

pp. 35–42.<br />

25. M. Berk Ataman, Carl F. Mela, and Harald J. van<br />

Heerde, “Building Brands,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 27<br />

(November–December 2008), pp. 1036–54.<br />

26. Walter Mossberg, “Is Bing the Thing?” Wall Street<br />

Journal, June 2, 2009, p. R4; Burt Heim, “The Dubbing<br />

of ‘Bing,’” BusinessWeek, June 15, 2009, p. 23; Todd<br />

Wasserman, “Why Microsoft Chose the Name ‘Bing,’”<br />

Brandweek, June 1, 2009, p. 33.<br />

27. Rachel Dodes, “From Tracksuits to Fast Track,” Wall<br />

Street Journal, September 13, 2006.<br />

28. “42 Below,” www.betterbydesign.org.nz, September<br />

14, 2007.<br />

29. Amanda Baltazar, “Silly Brand Names Get Serious<br />

Attention,” Brandweek, December 3, 2007, p. 4.<br />

30. Alina Wheeler, Designing Brand Identity (Hoboken, NJ:<br />

John Wiley & Sons, 2003).<br />

31. Pat Fallon and Fred Senn, Juicing the Orange: How to<br />

Turn Creativity into a Powerful Business Advantage<br />

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press,<br />

2006); Eric A. Yorkston and Geeta Menon, “A Sound<br />

Idea: Phonetic Effects of Brand Names on Consumer<br />

Judgments,” Journal of Consumer Research 31 (June),<br />

pp. 43–51; Tina M. Lowery and L. J. Shrum, “Phonetic<br />

Symbolism and Brand Name Preference,” Journal of<br />

Consumer Research 34 (October 2007), pp. 406–14.<br />

32. For some interesting theoretical perspectives, see<br />

Claudiu V. Dimofte and Richard F. Yalch, “Consumer<br />

Response to Polysemous Brand Slogans,” Journal of<br />

Consumer Research 33 (March 2007), pp. 515–22.<br />

33. John R. Doyle and Paul A. Bottomly, “Dressed for the<br />

Occasion: Font-Product Congruity in the Perception of<br />

Logotype,” Journal of Consumer Psychology 16 (2006),<br />

pp. 112–23; Kevin Lane Keller, Susan Heckler, and<br />

Michael J. Houston, “The Effects of Brand Name<br />

Suggestiveness on Advertising Recall,” Journal of<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 62 (January 1998), pp. 48–57; For an<br />

E22<br />

Endnotes

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