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in-depth exa<strong>min</strong>ation of how brand names get<br />

developed, see Alex Frankel, Wordcraft: The Art of<br />

Turning Little Words into Big Business (New York:<br />

Crown Publishers, 2004).<br />

34. Don Schultz and Heidi Schultz, IMC: The Next<br />

Generation (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003); Don E.<br />

Schultz, Stanley I. Tannenbaum, and Robert F.<br />

Lauterborn, Integrated <strong>Marketing</strong> Communications<br />

(Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books, 1993).<br />

35. Mohanbir Sawhney, “Don’t Harmonize, Synchronize,”<br />

Harvard Business Review, July–August 2001, pp. 101–8.<br />

36. David C. Court, John E. Forsyth, Greg C. Kelly, and<br />

Mark A. Loch, “The New Rules of Branding: Building<br />

Strong Brands Faster,” McKinsey White Paper Fall<br />

1999; Scott Bedbury, A New Brand World (New York:<br />

Viking Press, 2002).<br />

37. Sonia Reyes, “Cheerios: The Ride,” Brandweek,<br />

September 23, 2002, pp. 14–16.<br />

38. Dawn Iacobucci and Bobby Calder, eds., Kellogg on<br />

Integrated <strong>Marketing</strong> (New York: John Wiley & Sons,<br />

2003).<br />

39. Drew Madsen, “Olive Garden: Creating Value through<br />

an Integrated Brand Experience,” presentation at<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> Science Institute Conference, Brand<br />

Orchestration, Orlando, Florida, December 4, 2003.<br />

40. Michael Dunn and Scott Davis, “Building Brands from<br />

the Inside,” <strong>Marketing</strong> <strong>Management</strong> (May–June 2003),<br />

pp. 32–37; Scott Davis and Michael Dunn, Building the<br />

Brand-Driven Business (New York: John Wiley & Sons,<br />

2002).<br />

41. Stan Maklan and Simon Knox, Competing on Value<br />

(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times, Prentice Hall,<br />

2000).<br />

42. Coeli Carr, “Seeking to Attract Top Prospects,<br />

Employers Brush Up on Brands,” New York Times,<br />

September 10, 2006.<br />

43. The principles and examples from this passage are<br />

based on Colin Mitchell, “Selling the Brand Inside,”<br />

Harvard Business Review, January 2002, pp. 99–105.<br />

For an in-depth discussion of how two organizations,<br />

QuikTrip and Wawa, have developed stellar internal<br />

branding programs, see Neeli Bendapudi and Venkat<br />

Bendapudi, “Creating the Living Brand,” Harvard<br />

Business Review, May 2005, pp. 124–32.<br />

44. James H. McAlexander, John W. Schouten and Harold<br />

F. Koenig, “Building Brand Community,” Journal of<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 66 (January 2002), pp. 38–54. For some<br />

notable exa<strong>min</strong>ations of brand communities, see René<br />

Algesheimer, Uptal M. Dholakia, and Andreas<br />

Herrmann, “The Social Influence of Brand Community:<br />

Evidence from European Car Clubs,” Journal of<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 69 (July 2005), pp. 19–34; Albert M. Muniz<br />

Jr. and Hope Jensen Schau, “Religiosity in the<br />

Abandoned Apple Newton Brand Community,” Journal<br />

of Consumer Research 31 (2005), pp. 412–32; Robert<br />

Kozinets, “Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the<br />

Meanings of Star Trek’s Culture of Consumption,”<br />

Journal of Consumer Research 28 (June 2001),<br />

pp. 67–87; John W. Schouten and James H.<br />

McAlexander, “Subcultures of Consumption: An<br />

Ethnography of New Bikers,” Journal of Consumer<br />

Research 22 (June 1995), pp. 43–61.<br />

45. Albert M. Muniz Jr. and Thomas C. O’Guinn, “Brand<br />

Community,” Journal of Consumer Research 27 (March<br />

2001), pp. 412–32.<br />

46. Susan Fournier and Lara Lee, “The Seven Deadly Sins<br />

of Brand Community ‘<strong>Management</strong>,’” <strong>Marketing</strong><br />

Science Institute Special Report 08-208, 2008.<br />

47. Harley-Davidson USA, www.hog.com; Joseph Weber,<br />

“Harley Just Keeps on Cruisin’,” BusinessWeek,<br />

November 6, 2006, pp. 71–72.<br />

48. Scott A. Thompson and Rajiv K. Sinha, “Brand<br />

Communities and New Product Adoption: The<br />

Influence and Limits of Oppositional Loyalty,” Journal<br />

of <strong>Marketing</strong> 72 (November 2008), pp. 65–80.<br />

49. Deborah Roeddder John, Barbara Loken, Kyeong-Heui<br />

Kim, and Alokparna Basu Monga, “Brand Concept<br />

Maps: A Methodology for Identifying Brand<br />

Association Networks,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research<br />

43 (November 2006), pp. 549–63.<br />

50. In terms of related empirical insights, see Manoj K.<br />

Agrawal and Vithala Rao “An Empirical Comparison of<br />

Consumer-Based Measures of Brand Equity,”<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> Letters 7 (July 1996), pp. 237–47; and<br />

Walfried Lassar, Banwari Mittal, and Arun Sharma,<br />

“Measuring Customer-Based Brand Equity,” Journal of<br />

Consumer <strong>Marketing</strong> 12 (1995), pp. 11–19.<br />

51. “The Best Global Brands,” BusinessWeek, June 19,<br />

2009; The article ranks and critiques the 100 best<br />

global brands using the valuation method developed<br />

by Interbrand. For more discussion on some brand<br />

winners and losers, see Matt Haig, Brand Royalty: How<br />

the Top 100 Brands Thrive and Survive (London: Kogan<br />

Page, 2004); Matt Haig, Brand Failures: The Truth<br />

about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time<br />

(London: Kogan Page, 2003); For an academic<br />

discussion of valuing brand equity, see V. Srinivasan,<br />

Chan Su Park, and Dae Ryun Chang, “An Approach to<br />

the Measurement, Analysis, and Prediction of Brand<br />

Equity and Its Sources,” <strong>Management</strong> Science 51<br />

(September 2005), pp. 1433–48.<br />

52. Mark Sherrington, Added Value: The Alchemy of<br />

Brand-Led Growth (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave<br />

Macmillan, 2003).<br />

53. For some discussion of what factors deter<strong>min</strong>e longterm<br />

branding success, see Allen P. Adamson, Brand<br />

Simple (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).<br />

54. Nikhil Bahdur and John Jullens, “New Life for Tired<br />

Brands,” Strategy+Business 50 (Spring 2008).<br />

55. David Lieberman, “Discovery Chief Takes a Network<br />

on a Wild Ride,” USA Today, September 2, 2009,<br />

pp. 1B–2B; Discovery Communications, www.<br />

corporate.discovery.com; Kenneth Hein, “Consumers<br />

Clinging to Old Favorite Brands,” Brandweek,<br />

January 20, 2009; Linda Moss and Linda Haugsted,<br />

“Discovery Times New Branding Campaign to<br />

‘Deadliest Catch’ Debut,” Multichannel News,<br />

March 31, 2008.<br />

Endnotes<br />

E23

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