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Paradox from a Contingency Perspective,” Journal of<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 65 (January 2001), pp. 1–14.<br />

56. Victor Kegan, “Second Sight: Second Movers Take<br />

All,” The Guardian, October 10, 2002.<br />

57. Peter N. Golder, “Historical Method in <strong>Marketing</strong><br />

Research with New Evidence on Long-term Market<br />

Share Stability,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 37<br />

(May 2000), pp. 156–72; Peter N. Golder and Gerald J.<br />

Tellis, “Pioneer Advantage: <strong>Marketing</strong> Logic or<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> Legend?” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 30<br />

(May 1993), pp. 34–46. See also, Shi Zhang and Arthur<br />

B. Markman, “Overco<strong>min</strong>g the Early Advantage: The<br />

Role of Alignable and Nonalignable Differences,”<br />

Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 35 (November 1998),<br />

pp. 1–15.<br />

58. Gerald Tellis and Peter Golder, Will and Vision: How<br />

Latecomers Can Grow to Do<strong>min</strong>ate Markets (New York:<br />

McGraw-Hill, 2001); Rajesh K. Chandy and Gerald J.<br />

Tellis, “The Incumbent’s Curse? Incumbency, Size, and<br />

Radical Product Innovation,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong><br />

Research 64 (July 2000), pp. 1–17.<br />

59. Sungwook Min, Manohar U. Kalwani, and William T.<br />

Robinson, “Market Pioneer and Early Follower Survival<br />

Risks: A Contingency Analysis of Really New Versus<br />

Incrementally New Product-Markets,” Journal of<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 70 (January 2006), pp. 15–35. See also Raji<br />

Srinivasan, Gary L. Lilien, and Arvind Rangaswamy,<br />

“First In, First Out? The Effects of Network Externalities<br />

on Pioneer Survival,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 68 (January<br />

2004), pp. 41–58.<br />

60. Trond Riiber Knudsen, “Escaping the Middle-Market<br />

Trap: An Interview with CEO of Electrolux,” McKinsey<br />

Quarterly (December 2006), pp. 72–79.<br />

61. Rajan Varadarajan, Mark P. DeFanti, and Paul S.<br />

Busch, “Brand Portfolio, Corporate Image, and<br />

Reputation: Managing Brand Deletions,” Journal of the<br />

Academy of <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 34 (Spring 2006), pp.<br />

195–205; Stephen J. Carlotti Jr., Mary Ellen Coe, and<br />

Jesko Perrey, “Making Brand Portfolios Work,”<br />

McKinsey Quarterly 4 (2004), pp. 24–36; Nirmalya<br />

Kumar, “Kill a Brand, Keep a Customer,” Harvard<br />

Business Review, December 2003, pp. 86–95; George<br />

J. Avlonitis, “Product Eli<strong>min</strong>ation Decision Making:<br />

Does Formality Matter?” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 49<br />

(Winter 1985), pp. 41–52; Philip Kotler, “Phasing Out<br />

Weak Products,” Harvard Business Review,<br />

March–April 1965, pp. 107–18.<br />

62. Kathryn Rudie Harrigan, “The Effect of Exit Barriers<br />

upon Strategic Flexibility,” Strategic <strong>Management</strong><br />

Journal 1 (February 1980), pp. 165–76.<br />

63. Laurence P. Feldman and Albert L. Page, “Harvesting:<br />

The Misunderstood Market Exit Strategy,” Journal of<br />

Business Strategy (Spring 1985), pp. 79–85; Philip<br />

Kotler, “Harvesting Strategies for Weak Products,”<br />

Business Horizons, August 1978, pp. 15–22.<br />

64. Rob Walker, “Can Ghost Brands . . .,” International<br />

Herald Tribune, May 17–18, 2008, pp. 17–18; Peter<br />

Carbona, “The Rush to Grab Orphan Brands,”<br />

BusinessWeek, August 3, 2009, pp. 47–48.<br />

65. Stuart Elliott, “Those Shelved Brands Start to Look<br />

Tempting,” New York Times, August 21, 2008.<br />

66. Peter N. Golder and Gerard J. Tellis, “Growing,<br />

Growing, Gone: Cascades, Diffusion, and Turning<br />

Points in the Product Life Cycle,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science<br />

23 (Spring 2004), pp. 207–18.<br />

67. Youngme Moon, “Break Free from the Product<br />

Life Cycle,” Harvard Business Review, May 2005,<br />

pp. 87–94.<br />

68. Hubert Gatignon and David Soberman, “Competitive<br />

Response and Market Evolution,” Barton A. Weitz and<br />

Robin Wensley, eds., Handbook of <strong>Marketing</strong> (London,<br />

UK: Sage Publications, 2002), pp. 126–47; Robert D.<br />

Buzzell, “Market Functions and Market Evolution,”<br />

Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 63 (Special Issue 1999),<br />

pp. 61–63.<br />

69. Raji Srinivasan, Arvind Rangaswamy, and Gary L.<br />

Lilien, “Turning Adversity into Advantage: Does<br />

Proactive <strong>Marketing</strong> During Recession Pay Off?”<br />

International Journal of Research in <strong>Marketing</strong> 22<br />

(June 2005), pp. 109–25.<br />

70. Jon Fine, “Why General Mills <strong>Marketing</strong> Pays Off,”<br />

BusinessWeek, July 27, 2009, pp. 67–68; Matthew<br />

Boyle, “Snap, Crackle, Pop at the Food Giants,”<br />

BusinessWeek, October 6, 2008, p. 48.<br />

71. Philip Lay, Todd Hewlin, and Geoffrey Moore, “In a<br />

Downturn, Provoke Your Customers,” Harvard Business<br />

Review, March 2009, pp. 48–56.<br />

72. John A. Quelch and Katherine E. Jocz, “How to Market<br />

in a Downturn,” Harvard Business Review, April 2009,<br />

pp. 52–62.<br />

73. Maria Bartiromo, “Facetime: Inside a Company<br />

Resetting for Recovery,” BusinessWeek, July 13 and<br />

20, 2009, pp. 15–17.<br />

74. Steve Hamm, “The New Age of Frugality,”<br />

BusinessWeek, October 20, 2008, pp. 55–58.<br />

75. Jane Porter and Burt Heim, “Doing Whatever Gets<br />

Them in the Door,” BusinessWeek, June 30, 2008, p. 60.<br />

76. Ibid.<br />

77. David Taylor, David Nichols, Diego Kerner, and Anne<br />

Charbonneau, “Leading Brands Out of the Recession,”<br />

Brandgym Research Paper 2, www.brandgym.com,<br />

September 2009.<br />

78. Todd Wasserman, “Maverick CMOs Try Going without<br />

TV,” Brandweek, January 24, 2009.<br />

79. Maureen Scarpelli, “Dentists Step Up <strong>Marketing</strong> Efforts<br />

as Patients Scrimp by Skipping Visits, Wall Street<br />

Journal, August 11, 2009.<br />

80. Peter J. Williamson and Ming Zeng, “Value for<br />

Money Strategies for Recessionary Times,” Harvard<br />

Business Review, March 2009, pp. 66–74.<br />

81. Burt Heim, “How to Sell Luxury to Penny-Pinchers,”<br />

BusinessWeek, November 10, 2008, p. 60.<br />

82. Stuart Elliott, “Trying to Pitch Products to the Savers,”<br />

New York Times, June 3, 2009.<br />

83. Andrew Martin, “In Tough Times, Spam Is Suddenly<br />

Appealing,” Boston Globe, November 16, 2008.<br />

E30<br />

Endnotes

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