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3. Xavier Dreze and Joseph C. Nunes, “Using Combined-<br />

Currency Prices to Lower Consumers’ Perceived<br />

Cost,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 41 (February<br />

2004), pp. 59–72; Raghuram Iyengar, Kamel Jedidi,<br />

and Rajeev Kohli, “A Conjoint Approach to Multipart<br />

Pricing,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 45 (April 2008),<br />

pp. 195–201; Marco Bertini and Luc Wathieu,<br />

“Attention Arousal Through Price Partitioning,”<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> Science 27 (March/April 2008), pp. 236–46.<br />

4. Rick Newman, “The Great Retail Revolution,” U.S.<br />

News & World Report, March 2010, pp. 19–20; Philip<br />

Moeller, “Tough Times Are Molding Tough Consumers,”<br />

U.S. News & World Report, March 2010, pp. 22–25;<br />

Steve Hamm, “The New Age of Frugality,”<br />

BusinessWeek, October 20, 2008, pp. 55–60; Timothy<br />

W. Martin, “Frugal Shoppers Drive Grocers Back to<br />

Basics,” Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2009, p. B1;<br />

Daniel Gross, “The Latte Era Grinds Down,”<br />

Newsweek, October 22, 2007, pp. 46–47.<br />

5. Paul Markillie, “A Perfect Market: A Survey of E-<br />

Commerce,” Economist, May 15, 2004, pp. 3–20;<br />

David Kirpatrick, “How the Open-Source World Plans<br />

to Smack Down Microsoft, and Oracle, and ...,”<br />

Fortune, February 23, 2004, pp. 92–100; Faith<br />

Keenan, “The Price Is Really Right,” BusinessWeek,<br />

March 31, 2003, pp. 61–67; Michael Menduno,<br />

“Priced to Perfection,” Business 2.0, March 6, 2001,<br />

pp. 40–42; Amy E. Cortese, “Good-Bye to Fixed<br />

Pricing?” BusinessWeek, May 4, 1998, pp. 71–84.<br />

For a discussion of some of the basic academic<br />

issues involved, see Florian Zettelmeyer, “Expanding<br />

to the Internet: Pricing and Communication Strategies<br />

when Firms Compete on Multiple Channels,” Journal<br />

of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 37 (August 2000), pp.<br />

292–308; John G. Lynch Jr. and Dan Ariely, “Wine<br />

Online: Search Costs Affect Competition on Price,<br />

Quality, and Distribution,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 19<br />

(Winter 2000), pp. 83–103; Rajiv Lal and Miklos<br />

Sarvary, “When and How Is the Internet Likely to<br />

Decrease Price Competition?” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 18<br />

(Fall 1999), pp. 485–503.<br />

6. Daniel Fisher, “Cheap Seats,” Forbes, August 24, 2009,<br />

pp. 102–3.<br />

7. Bernard Condon, “The Haggle Economy,” Forbes,<br />

June 8, 2009, pp. 26–27.<br />

8. For a thorough review of pricing research, see Chezy<br />

Ofir and Russell S. Winer, “Pricing: Economic and<br />

Behavioral Models,” Bart Weitz and Robin Wensley,<br />

eds., Handbook of <strong>Marketing</strong> (London: Sage<br />

Publications, 2002).<br />

9. Based on Pia Sarkar, “Which Shirt Costs $275?—<br />

Brand Loyalty, Bargain Hunting, and Unbridled Luxury<br />

All Play a Part in the Price You’ll Pay for a T-Shirt,”<br />

Final <strong>Edition</strong>, March 15, 2007, p. C1. Reprinted by<br />

permission.<br />

10. Bruce Horovitz, “Sale, Sale, Sale: Today Everyone<br />

Wants a Deal,” USA Today, April 21, 2010, pp. 1A–2A.<br />

11. Sbriya Rice, “‘I Can’t Afford Surgery in the U.S.,’ Says<br />

Bargain Shopper,” CNN, www.cnn.com, April 26, 2010.<br />

12. Jay Greene, “Selling $8 Soap in an Era of Frugality,”<br />

BusinessWeek, November 30, 2009, p. 66.<br />

13. Peter R. Dickson and Alan G. Sawyer, “The Price<br />

Knowledge and Search of Supermarket Shoppers,”<br />

Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 54 (July 1990), pp. 42–53. For<br />

a methodological qualification, however, see Hooman<br />

Estalami, Alfred Holden, and Donald R. Lehmann,<br />

“Macro-Economic Deter<strong>min</strong>ants of Consumer Price<br />

Knowledge: A Meta-Analysis of Four Decades of<br />

Research,” International Journal of Research in<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 18 (December 2001), pp. 341–55.<br />

14. For a comprehensive review, see Tridib Mazumdar,<br />

S. P. Raj, and Indrajit Sinha, “Reference Price Research:<br />

Review and Propositions,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 69<br />

(October 2005), pp. 84–102. For a different point of<br />

view, see Chris Janiszewski and Donald R. Lichtenstein,<br />

“A Range Theory Account of Price Perception,” Journal<br />

of Consumer Research 25 (March 1999), pp. 353–68.<br />

15. For a discussion of how “incidental” prices outside<br />

the category can serve as contextual reference<br />

prices, see Joseph C. Nunes and Peter Boatwright,<br />

“Incidental Prices and Their Effect on Willingness to<br />

Pay,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 41 (November<br />

2004), pp. 457–66.<br />

16. K. N. Rajendran and Gerard J. Tellis, “Contextual and<br />

Temporal Components of Reference Price,” Journal of<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> 58 (January 1994), pp. 22–34; Gurumurthy<br />

Kalyanaram and Russell S. Winer, “Empirical<br />

Generalizations from Reference-Price Research,”<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> Science 14 (Summer 1995), pp. G161–69.<br />

See also, Ritesh Saini, Raghunath Singh Rao, and<br />

Ashwani Monga, “Is the Deal Worth My Time? The<br />

Interactive Effect of Relative and Referent Thinking on<br />

Willingness to Seek a Bargain,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong><br />

74 (January 2010), pp. 34–48.<br />

17. Gurumurthy Kalyanaram and Russell S. Winer,<br />

“Empirical Generalizations from Reference-Price<br />

Research,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 14 (Summer 1995),<br />

pp. 161–69.<br />

18. Glenn E. Mayhew and Russell S. Winer, “An Empirical<br />

Analysis of Internal and External Reference-Price<br />

Effects Using Scanner Data,” Journal of Consumer<br />

Research 19 (June 1992), pp. 62–70.<br />

19. Robert Ziethammer, “Forward-Looking Buying in<br />

Online Auctions,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 43<br />

(August 2006), pp. 462–76.<br />

20. John T. Gourville, “Pennies-a-Day: The Effect of<br />

Temporal Refra<strong>min</strong>g on Transaction Evaluation,”<br />

Journal of Consumer Research 24 (March 1998),<br />

pp. 395–408.<br />

21. Gary M. Erickson and Johny K. Johansson, “The Role<br />

of Price in Multi-Attribute Product-Evaluations,”<br />

Journal of Consumer Research 12 (September 1985),<br />

pp. 195–99.<br />

22. Wilfred Amaldoss and Sanjay Jain, “Pricing of<br />

Conspicuous Goods: A Competitive Analysis of Social<br />

Effects,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 42 (February<br />

2005); Angela Chao and Juliet B. Schor, “Empirical<br />

Tests of Status Consumption: Evidence from Women’s<br />

E38<br />

Endnotes

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