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19. Ann Zimmerman and Kris Hudson, “Chasing Upscale<br />

Customers Tarnishes Mass-Market Jeweler,” Wall<br />

Street Journal, June 26, 2006; Kris Hudson, “Signet<br />

Sparkles with Jewelry Strategy,” Wall Street Journal,<br />

June 26, 2006.<br />

20. “JCPenney Transforms Catalog Strategy to Better<br />

Serve Customer Preferences,” BusinessWire,<br />

November 18, 2009; Robert Berner, “JCPenney Gets<br />

the Net,” BusinessWeek, May 7, 2007, p. 70; Robert<br />

Berner, “Penney: Back in Fashion,” BusinessWeek,<br />

January 9, 2006, pp. 82–84.<br />

21. Louise Lee, “Catalogs, Catalogs, Everywhere,”<br />

BusinessWeek, December 4, 2006, pp. 32–34; Michael<br />

J. Silverstein and Neil Fiske, Trading Up: The New<br />

American Luxury (New York: Portfolio, 2003); “Victoria’s<br />

Secret,” Case #6-0014, Center for Digital Strategies,<br />

Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, 2002;<br />

www.biz.yahoo.com, December 09, 2010.<br />

22. Jessi Hempel, “Urban Outfitters, Fashion Victim,”<br />

BusinessWeek, July 17, 2006, p. 60.<br />

23. Robert Berner, “To Lure Teenager Mall Rats, You Need<br />

the Right Cheese,” BusinessWeek, June 7, 2004, pp.<br />

96–101; Aeropostale, www.aeropostale.com, December<br />

09, 2010; Jeanine Poggi, “Best in Class: Price Is Right at<br />

Aeropostale,” TheStreet, www.thestreet.com/story/<br />

10514026/best-in-class-price-is-right-at-aeropostale.html,<br />

June 16, 2009; “Aeropostale, Inc. Seeks New Faces for<br />

Fall Ad Campaign with ‘Real Teens 2010’ Contest,” PR<br />

Newswire, March 15, 2010.<br />

24. Robert Berner, “Chanel’s American in Paris,”<br />

BusinessWeek, January 29, 2007, pp. 70–71.<br />

25. Mark Tatge, “Fun & Games,” Forbes, January 12, 2004,<br />

pp. 138–44.<br />

26. Vanessa O’Connell, “Reversing Field, Macy’s Goes<br />

Local,” Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2008.<br />

27. Diane Anderson, “RFID Technology Getting Static in<br />

New Hampshire,” Brandweek, January 23, 2006,<br />

p. 13; Mary Catherine O’Conner, “Gillette Fuses RFID<br />

with Product Launch,” RFID Journal, March 27, 2006;<br />

“The End of Privacy?” Consumer Reports, June 2006,<br />

pp. 33–40; Erick Schonfeld, “Tagged for Growth,”<br />

Business 2.0, December 2006, pp. 58–61; “Radio<br />

Silence,” Economist, June 9, 2007, pp. 20–21; Todd<br />

Lewan, “The Chipping of America,” Associated Press,<br />

July 29, 2007.<br />

28. Uta Werner, John McDermott, and Greg Rotz,<br />

“Retailers at the Crossroads: How to Develop<br />

Profitable New Growth Strategies,” Journal of Business<br />

Strategy 25 (2004), pp. 10–17.<br />

29. “Trader Joe’s Named a Breakaway Brand for 2009,”<br />

Supermarket Industry News, August 17, 2009;<br />

Christopher Palmeri. “Trader Joe’s Recipe for Success,”<br />

BusinessWeek, February 21, 2008; Deborah Orr, “The<br />

Cheap Gourmet,” Forbes, April 10, 2006, pp. 76–77;<br />

Amy Wu, “A Specialty Food Store with a Discount<br />

Attitude,” New York Times, July 27, 2003.<br />

30. Venkatesh Shankar and Ruth N. Bolton, “An Empirical<br />

Analysis of Deter<strong>min</strong>ants of Retailer Pricing Strategy,”<br />

<strong>Marketing</strong> Science 23 (Winter 2004), pp. 28–49.<br />

31. www.target.com, December 09, 2010; Ann<br />

Zimmerman, “Staying on Target,” Wall Street Journal,<br />

May 7, 2007; Mya Frazier, “The Latest European<br />

Import: Fast Fashion,” Advertising Age, January 9,<br />

2006, p. 6; Julie Schlosser, “How Target Does It,”<br />

Fortune, October 18, 2004, p. 100; Michelle Conlin,<br />

“Look Who’s Stalking Walmart,” BusinessWeek,<br />

December 7, 2009, pp. 30–36.<br />

32. Duncan Simester, “Signaling Price Image Using<br />

Advertised Prices,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 14 (Summer<br />

1995), pp. 166–88; see also, Jiwoong Shin, “The<br />

Role of Selling Costs in Signaling Price Image,”<br />

Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research 42 (August 2005),<br />

pp. 305–12.<br />

33. Frank Feather, The Future Consumer (Toronto: Warwick<br />

Publishing, 1994), p. 171. Also see David R. Bell and<br />

James M. Lattin, “Shopping Behavior and Consumer<br />

Preference for Retail Price Format: Why ‘Large Basket’<br />

Shoppers Prefer EDLP,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science 17 (Spring<br />

1998), pp. 66–68; Stephen J. Hoch, Xavier Dreeze, and<br />

Mary E. Purk, “EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic,”<br />

Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 58 (October 1994), pp. 1–15.<br />

34. Sarah Fister Gale, “The Bookstore Battle,” Workforce<br />

<strong>Management</strong> (January 2004), pp. 51–53.<br />

35. Constance L. Hays, “Retailers Seeking to Lure<br />

Customers with Service,” New York Times, December<br />

1, 2003.<br />

36. Amy Gillentine, “<strong>Marketing</strong> Groups Ignore Women at<br />

Their Own Peril,” Colorado Springs Business Journal,<br />

January 20, 2006; Mary Lou Quinlan, “Women Aren’t<br />

Buying It,” Brandweek, June 2, 2003, pp. 20–22.<br />

37. Cecile B. Corral, “Profits Pinched, Kohl’s Eyes<br />

Market Share,” Home Textiles Today, February 27,<br />

2009; Ilaina Jones, “Kohl’s Looking at Spots in<br />

Manhattan,” Reuters, August 19, 2009; Cametta<br />

Coleman, “Kohl’s Retail Racetrack,” Wall Street<br />

Journal, March 1, 2000.<br />

38. Mindy Fetterman and Jayne O’Donnell, “Just Browsing<br />

at the Mall? That’s What You Think,” USA Today,<br />

September 1, 2006.<br />

39. “Reinventing the Store,” Economist, November 22,<br />

2003, pp. 65–68; Moira Cotlier, “Census Releases<br />

First E-Commerce Report,” Catalog Age, May 1,<br />

2001; Associated Press, “Online Sales Boomed at<br />

End of 2000,” Star-Tribune of Twin Cities, February<br />

17, 2001; Kenneth T. Rosen and Amanda L. Howard,<br />

“E-Tail: Gold Rush or Fool’s Gold?” California<br />

<strong>Management</strong> Review, April 1, 2000, pp. 72–100.<br />

40. Velitchka D. Kaltcheva and Barton Weitz, “When<br />

Should a Retailer Create an Exciting Store<br />

Environment?” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> 70 (January 2006),<br />

pp. 107–18.<br />

41. For more discussion, see Philip Kotler, “Atmospherics<br />

as a <strong>Marketing</strong> Tool,” Journal of Retailing (Winter<br />

1973–1974), pp. 48–64. Also see B. Joseph Pine II and<br />

James H. Gilmore, The Experience Economy (Boston:<br />

Harvard Business School Press, 1999).<br />

42. Jeff Cioletti, “Super <strong>Marketing</strong>,” Beverage World<br />

(November 2006), pp. 60–61.<br />

E46<br />

Endnotes

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