A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics David Crystal

100 condition on extraction domains (CED)
condition on extraction domains (CED) A proposed condition in governmentbinding
theory restricting the class of domains from which constituents
may be moved: no constituent may be extracted out of a domain which is not
properly governed. Non-properly governed positions in English include adjuncts
and subject positions. An example is the ‘adjunct condition’, which prohibits
movement out of adjuncts: from a sentence such as You made a high score
during which match? the condition would forbid *Which match did you make a
high score during?
configuration (n.) (1) A term used to refer to the standard model of generative
grammar, seen in contrast with relational theories of grammar. In a
configurational approach, phrase-markers are seen as clusters (‘configurations’)
of syntactic categories, arranged in linear order.
(2) The term is also used generally in linguistics and phonetics for any
formally identifiable arrangement of elements. It has been used, for example,
with reference to the sequence of tones which constitute an intonation contour
(a ‘tonal configuration’) and to the set of syntactic functions which
depend upon a particular verb, as in case grammar (a ‘configuration of cases’).
See also automaton.
configurational languages Languages with fairly fixed word-order and hierarchical
constituent structure, e.g. English and Hebrew. Such languages are
contrasted with non-configurational languages. Both types have received a
great deal of attention in government-binding theory as subject to parametric
variation. However, the typology is not unequivocally accepted.
congruence (n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to a correspondence between
the decisions made at one level of analysis (phonology, grammar or semantics)
and those made at another. The sentence is the unit where there is
maximum congruence of levels, in that criteria of identification at each level
tend to coincide: certain classes of exception aside, a sentence is a grammatically,
semantically and phonologically autonomous unit. The notion of word,
by contrast, displays less congruence (‘is less congruent’): phonological (and
orthographic), morphological, syntactic and semantic criteria often conflict
in word identification and classification.
congruity (n.)
see pattern
conjoined (adj.) A term used especially in generative grammar to refer to
a construction where two or more sentences, phrases or words are
co-ordinated. Conjoining processes are distinct from embedding ones.
The units are conjoined using such items as and and but, as in The man fed
the cat and the lady fed the dog. The linked units are sometimes described as
conjoint.
conjugation (n.) In grammar, a traditional term for a class of verbs in an
inflecting language which occur with the same range of forms. Latin verbs,
for example, belonged to four conjugations. Forms of the ‘first conjugation’, for
example, were traditionally illustrated using the verb amare (‘to love’), which in